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Biology 101 > Chapters 4-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 4-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

pore-riddled double-membrane system; controls passage of various substances into/out of nucleus

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2
Q

Rough ER

A

makes, stores, and secretes proteins

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3
Q

Golgi body

A
  • sorting and shipping proteins and lipids for secretion or use inside the cell - final protein modifications
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4
Q

mitochondria

A

produce many ATP in highly efficient fashion

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5
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

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6
Q

cytoskeleton

A

overall shape, internal organization, and movement

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7
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid interior of nucleus

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

dense cluster of RNA and proteins that will assemble ribosomes

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9
Q

chromatin

A

total collection of all DNA molecules and their associated proteins in the nucleus

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10
Q

smooth ER

A
  • makes lipids that are incorporated in cell membranes - roles in fatty acid breakdown and detoxification
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11
Q

lysosomes

A

intercellular digestion

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12
Q

vesicles

A

tiny, membranous sacs

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13
Q

mitochondrion

A

ATP formation; breakdown of organic cpds to CO2 and H2O; sugar factories

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14
Q

chloroplasts

A

(plant only) use sunlight energy to drive formation of ATP and NADPH; have thylakoids

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15
Q

central vacuole

A

(plant only) store amino acids, sugars, and toxic waste; increase cell surface area

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16
Q

cell movement

A

microtubule/microfilament: length, parallel rows sliding, move organelles/cytoplasm

17
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

nucleus does not enclose the DNA

18
Q

microtubules

A

thick, hollow cylinders made of tubulin; provide frame for cellular division; rapidly assemble/disassemble structures

19
Q

microfilaments

A

thin fibers of actin; strengthen shape and drag/extend cell

20
Q

pseudopod

A

cell projections that grow outward and help the cell move or engulf prey

21
Q

diffusion

A

process that allows something to follow its [] gradient from an area of high to low []

22
Q

passive transport

A

(e.g. glucose) goes down a concentration []

23
Q

active transport

A

(e.g. Ca ions) transport involving energy from a cell

24
Q

osmosis

A

water moves via a selectively permeable membrane down its [] gradient

25
Q

ATP

A

energy; base-ribose-3phosphate tails

26
Q

ADP

A

base-ribose-2phosphate tails

27
Q

Enzyme-mediated reactions

A

final group transfer; electron transfer; rearrangement; condensation; cleavage

28
Q

substrate

A

specific reactant that an enzyme recognizes and acts upon

29
Q

active site

A

pocket/crevice where substrate binds and runs proceed

30
Q

allosteric activators

A

attaches to a site on the enzyme other than the active site and increases the efficiency/affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

31
Q

cofactor

A

coenzyme (such as NAD+) or metal ion; assist enzymes; taxi e- or H between reaction sites

32
Q

transport protein

A

protein that moves or pumps substances across a cell membrane

33
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicle forms from patch of plasma membrane, sinking into cytoplasm (opp. of exocytosis)

34
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails

35
Q

Features of Enzymes

A
  1. Don’t make anything happen that couldn’t happen on its own, just much faster 2. Do not permanently alter or use enzyme molecules; may be used repeatedly 3. Works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction 4. each enzyme is picky about substrates
36
Q

Selective permeability

A
  • permits some substances but not others in certain ways - O2, CO2, small non polar molecules; H2O vs. - glucose, ions, larger molecules
37
Q

Passive transport

A

Unassisted flow of dilutes through interior of transport protein; energetically only costs what cell already have spent to produce and maintain ingredients

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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