Chapters 29, 37

Question 1

incomplete digestive system

Answer 1

food enters and leaves through the same hole (e.g. flatworms)

Question 2

ruminants

Answer 2

several stomach chambers where cellulose is digested

Question 3

digestion: accessory organs

Answer 3

salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas

Question 4

digestion: major components

Answer 4

mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine colon rectum anus

Question 5

saliva

Answer 5

contains an enzyme (salivary amylase), a buffer (bicarbonate), mucins, and water

Question 6

sphincter

Answer 6

ring of smooth muscles whose contractions close off a passageway

Question 7

start digestion of polysaccharides

Answer 7

saliva

Question 8

carbohydrate digestion

Answer 8

1. salivary amylase- in mouth,stomach
2. pancreatic amylase- in small intestine
3. disaccharidases- in small intestine

to monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)

Question 9

protein digestion

Answer 9

1. pepsin-stomach
2. trypsin-intestine
3. aminopeptidase-intestine

to amino acids

Question 10

fat digestion

Answer 10

• lipase-pancreas-smallintestine
• free fatty acids, monoglycerides
• also bile
• emulsification-> bile salts accelerate fat digestion

Question 11

nucleic acid digestion

Answer 11

pancreatic/intestinal nucleases in small intestine

to nucleotides, monosacch.

Question 12

open circulatory system

Answer 12

blood moves via hearts and large vessels but also mixes with interstitial fluid

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

• detect change and direct responses
• most control based on negative feedback

Question 14

effectors

Answer 14

carry out the response (muscles, glands)

Question 15

tissue

Answer 15

integrated group of similar cells performing a common function

Question 16

interstitial fluid

Answer 16

fluid that bathes all cells (where solute exchange occurs)

Question 17

epithelial tissue

Answer 17

• sheets of tightly-packed cells that cover body surfaces
• cell-to-cell contacts: tight, adhering, gap junctions
• glandular: exocrine, endocrine

Question 18

connective

Answer 18

• scattered via extracellular matrix
• soft- loose, dense (regular, irregular)
• specialized: adipose, bone, cartilage, blood

Question 19

muscle tissue

Answer 19

• bundles of long cells; most abundant kind in animals
• skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 20

nervous

Answer 20

• senses stimuli and transmits info
• greatest control over responses
• neuron: excitable cell; communication

Question 21

digestive tasks

Answer 21

1. mech processing/motility
2. secretion
3. digestion
4. absorption
5. elimination

Question 22

intestinal absorption

Answer 22

1. folded lining
2. villi
3. brush border cells (absorb monomers of eaten food)

Question 23

leptin

Answer 23

hormone: controls glands which control hunger in animals

Question 24

PYY

Answer 24

hormone: acts in brain to suppress appetite

Question 25

gherlin

Answer 25

hormone making one hungry

Question 26

vitamins (organic substances essential for growth, survival)

Answer 26

vs. inorganic minerals

Question 27

(small intestine) monosacch. & amino acids actively transported across membrane into internal environ.

Answer 27

1. emulsification of fat globules 2. micelles form 3. diffusion of fatty acids and monoglyc. 4. expelled via exocytosis 5. reassemble into triglycerides

Question 28

Three lines of Immune defense

Answer 28

1. Barriers at body surfaces (nonspecific targets): intact skin, mucous membranes, lysozome in tears, flushing effect 2. Non specific responses: inflammation (white-blood cells, macrophages, complement proteins) 3. Immune responses (specific targets, T and B cells

Question 29

Complement protein

Answer 29

1. plasma proteins with roles in nonspecific/specific defenses 2. activation when bound to antibodies or directly to barcterial surface 3. cascading reactions produce many more 4. formation of attack complexes, molecular structures with an inner channel

Question 30

Inflammation (nonspecific response)

Answer 30

* signs: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain * develops in local tissue when cells are damaged or killed, as by infection * fever: core temperature that reaches the higher set point