Chapters 11-13 Flashcards
homologous chromosomes
inherited by cell with diploid chromosome #
crossing over
homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments
genetic recombination
- nonparental combinations of alleles in gametes
- b/c of crossing over
independent assortment
random alignment of each pair of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis
autosome
all other chromosomes in cells (same in both sexes)
linkage group
linked genes on each type of chromosome
Probability that a crossover will disrupt their linkage is proportional to:
distance separating loci
pedigree
chart of genetic connections among individuals
genetic abnormality
rare, uncommon version of a trait (e.g. 6 toes)
syndrome
recognized set of symptoms characterizing a given disorder
autosomal recessive inheritance
- galoctosemia (brain, liver, eye damage)
- sickle-cell anemia (adverse pleiotropic effects throughout body)
- cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant inheritance
- achondroplasia (form of dwarfism)
- Huntington’s disorder (nervous system degenerates progressively & irreversibly)
- Progeria (drastic premature aging)
- Achoo syndrome
X-linked recessive inheritance
- color blindness
- hemophilia (impaired blood-clotting)
Change in chromosome # inheritance
- Down (3 x #21) & Turner (X0) syndromes
- Klinefelter (XXY)
Chromosome structure change
duplication inversion translocation deletion
chromosome # change
aneuploidy: indiv. has +/- 1 chromosome polyploidy: indiv. has 3+ of each type of chromosome nondisjunction: 1+ pairs of chromosomes fail to separate in mitosis/meiosis [n+1, n+1, n-1, n-1]
3 prenatal diagnostic procedures for uteroscreening
- omnicentosis
- chorionic villi sampling
- fetoscopy