Chapters 11-13

Question 1

homologous chromosomes

Answer 1

inherited by cell with diploid chromosome #

Question 2

crossing over

Answer 2

homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments

Question 3

genetic recombination

Answer 3

• nonparental combinations of alleles in gametes
• b/c of crossing over

Question 4

independent assortment

Answer 4

random alignment of each pair of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis

Question 5

autosome

Answer 5

all other chromosomes in cells (same in both sexes)

Question 6

linkage group

Answer 6

linked genes on each type of chromosome

Question 7

Probability that a crossover will disrupt their linkage is proportional to:

Answer 7

distance separating loci

Question 8

pedigree

Answer 8

chart of genetic connections among individuals

Question 9

genetic abnormality

Answer 9

rare, uncommon version of a trait (e.g. 6 toes)

Question 10

syndrome

Answer 10

recognized set of symptoms characterizing a given disorder

Question 11

autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer 11

• galoctosemia (brain, liver, eye damage)
• sickle-cell anemia (adverse pleiotropic effects throughout body)
• cystic fibrosis

Question 12

autosomal dominant inheritance

Answer 12

• achondroplasia (form of dwarfism)
• Huntington’s disorder (nervous system degenerates progressively & irreversibly)
• Progeria (drastic premature aging)
• Achoo syndrome

Question 13

X-linked recessive inheritance

Answer 13

• color blindness
• hemophilia (impaired blood-clotting)

Question 14

Change in chromosome # inheritance

Answer 14

• Down (3 x #21) & Turner (X0) syndromes
• Klinefelter (XXY)

Question 15

Chromosome structure change

Answer 15

duplication inversion translocation deletion

Question 16

chromosome # change

Answer 16

aneuploidy: indiv. has +/- 1 chromosome polyploidy: indiv. has 3+ of each type of chromosome nondisjunction: 1+ pairs of chromosomes fail to separate in mitosis/meiosis [n+1, n+1, n-1, n-1]

Question 17

3 prenatal diagnostic procedures for uteroscreening

Answer 17

• omnicentosis
• chorionic villi sampling
• fetoscopy

Question 18

Experiment with R and S strains; Mice

Answer 18

Fred Griffith

Question 19

• DNA from bacteriophage/viruses enter bacteria, not protein
• presence/absence of phosphorous

Answer 19

Hershey and Chase

Question 20

• T=A, G=C
• worked with ball and stick models
• first proposed that DNA was a helix

Answer 20

Chargaff

Question 21

no experiment; nucleotide bases on outside of helix

Answer 21

Linus Pauling

Question 22

X-ray diffraction

X-pattern image

molecular shadows

Answer 22

Rosalind Franklin

Question 23

Nobel Prize for DNA structure

Answer 23

• Watson
• Crick
• Wilkins

Question 24

Double helix structure, H₂ bonds and base pairings

Answer 24

Watson and Crick

Question 25

Half of old strand is contained in the new strand of DNA

Answer 25

semi-conservative replication

Question 26

* replication enzyme * attach short stretches of free nucleotides to unwound portions of a parent template

Answer 26

DNA polymerases

Question 27

Fill tiny gaps between new short stretches to form a continuous strand

Answer 27

DNA ligases

Question 28

When DNA replication begins, the two DNA strands condense for base transfers.

Question 29

typical human gamete

Answer 29

* contains a haploid number of genes * will always contain an X or Y * is unlike any other gamete

Question 30

BRCA gene is a tumor suppressor gene that when mutated may lead to ovarian cancer

Answer 30

* women with a defective BRCA gene are more likely to have ovarian cancer than women without the mutation. * woman with defective BRCA gene might not get breast cancer. * Risk of breast cancer increases for a woman who's mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age.

Question 31

embryonic stem cells and iPS cells are both immortal

Question 32

Meoisis automatically produces diversity because

Answer 32

random: whigh daughter cell receives the maternal or paternal cell

Question 33

ABO typing

Answer 33

* I^AI^A, I^Ai A * I^AI^{B          AB} * I^BI^B, I^Bi B * ii O

Question 34

There are many different tRNA molecules, each specific to a particular amino acid.

Question 35

can contain info for making a polypeptide

Answer 35

a gene

Question 36

Consequence if a promoter is deleted from a gene

Answer 36

RNA polymerase will not locate the gene

Question 37

cellular respiration vs photosynthesis

Answer 37

* Respiration: animals and plants; O₂ and glucose; 3 stages * Photosynthesis: plants; CO₂ and H₂O; 2 stages

Question 38

When breeding lab mice, phenotypes for long tails and big eyes are inherited separately.

Answer 38

independent assortment

Question 39

a baby mouse inherits a metrnal red eye allele and a paternal black eye allele

Answer 39

segregation

Question 40

Eukaryotic cell only allows molecules to enter nucleus

Answer 40

* Can: DNA replication, DNA transcription to RNA, tRNAs binding to amino acids * Can't: tRNAs binding to codons

Question 41

Formation of a zygote from an egg and sperm is an unpredictable event

Answer 41

Random fertilization

Question 42

Random combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes end up in gametes.

Answer 42

independent orientation

Question 43

an allele on the paternal chromosome 18 ends up on the maternal chromosome 18

Answer 43

crossing over

Question 44

During meiosis, haploid gametes are produced which unite at fertilization