Chapters 24, 40-42

Question 1

phylum chordate requirements

Answer 1

1. notochord (rod of stiffened tissue)
2. tubular, dorsal nerve cord
3. gill slits across wall of pharynx
4. tail extending past the anus

Question 2

Filter-feeders and jawless fish

Answer 2

tunicates [brain]
lancelets [head]
hagfish [vertebrae]
lamprey

Question 3

Jawed fish

Answer 3

sharks/rays [lungs] ray-finned fish [lobed fins] lobe-finned fish

Question 4

amphibians, reptiles, & mammals

Answer 4

amphibians/terrest. tetrapods [amniotic eggs] reptiles/amniotes [milk] mammals/endotherm

Question 5

amphibian (2 pairs of limbs) types

Answer 5

frog/toad
salamander
caecilian

Question 6

Reptiles (can fertilize internally)

Answer 6

turtles, lizards, tuataras, snakes, crocodilians (4-chambered heart)

• live away from water
• amniotic egg, w/ shell-housing embryo in amnion

Question 7

Birds (characteristics)

Answer 7

feathers on airfoils/wings,
light bones,
endothermic w/ high metab, amniotic eggs

Question 8

Mammalian characteristics

Answer 8

hair/fur (insulation), mammary glands

- prevent overheating w/ sweat glands & evaporation

Question 9

Mammalian types

Answer 9

monotremes (egg laying)
marsupials (pouched)
eutherians (placental)

Question 10

population ecology

Answer 10

changes in population size and factors that regulate populations over time

Question 11

population

Answer 11

localized group of individuals of a species

Question 12

population size

Answer 12

of individuals that actually or potentially contribute to gene pool

Question 13

population density

Answer 13

of indiv. of a species per unit area or habitat volume

Question 14

population distribution (dispersion pattern)

Answer 14

general pattern in which indiv. are dispersed in a specific area
- clumped (most common), uniform, or random

Question 15

population size estimates

Answer 15

quadrat sample plots (sampling areas of same size/shape); plants (stay put)
capture-recapture:
(marked# @2) = (marked# @1)
(total captured @2) (total pop. size)

Question 16

zero population growth

Answer 16

interval when # of births is balanced by = # deaths

Question 17

population size & growth

Answer 17

how to gain/lose indiv: immigration/emigration, migration

Question 18

growth rate (G)

Answer 18

r x n
= (per capita growth rate) x (# indiv)
= (birth - death rate) x (# indiv)

Question 19

Exponential growth model

Answer 19

population size increases in exact proportion of its total energy in each successive time interval

Question 20

logistic growth model

Answer 20

idealized population growth slowed by limiting factors as pop. size increases
density indep: e.g. weather on rampage
density dep: limiting factors (competition for resources, disease)

Question 21

carrying capacity (K)

Answer 21

max # of indiv. of population that an environment can sustain indefinitely
G = (r_max)(N)(K-N)/K
proportion of un-wasted resources

Question 22

Survivorship curves

Answer 22

I: high until late in life; few offspring
II: relatively constant death rate
III: high death rate early in life

Question 23

TFR

Answer 23

total fertility rate

avg # of children born of a population during reproductive years

Question 24

biotic potential

Answer 24

max reproductive capacity under ideal conditions

Question 25

community

Answer 25

group of populations that interact with each other

Question 26

niche

Answer 26

differentiates each species’ unique ecological role

Question 27

community interactions

Answer 27

commensalism (-/0)
mutualism (+/+)
interspecific competition (-/-)
predation (+/-)
parasitism (+/-)
herbivory (+/-)

Question 28

keystone species

Answer 28

a dominant species that dictates community structure by affecting abundances of other species

Question 29

interference

Answer 29

one species actively prevents another from accessing some resource

Question 30

exploitive

Answer 30

species do not interact, each reducing amt of resources available to the other

Question 31

species diversity

Answer 31

defined by:

• species richness (# diff species)
• relative abundance

Question 32

defense against predators

Answer 32

camouflage, mimicry, warning coloration

Question 33

countermeasures

Answer 33

camouflage, speed, stealth

Question 34

selected parasites

Answer 34

allow hostes to live long enough for reproduction

Question 35

parasitoid

Answer 35

lays eggs in others, eggs hatch & eat the insect