Chapter 34

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

circulating, connective tissue

Question 2

capillary bed

Answer 2

required for slow down of blood

Question 3

pulmonary circuit

Answer 3

• right half pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs
• freshly oxygenated blood flows to hearts left half

Question 4

lymphatic system

Answer 4

incl. drainage vessels that pick up xs interstitial fluid & reclaimable solutes, returning them to the circulatory system

Question 5

blood properties

Answer 5

1. plasma: 90% water, transport medium for blood cells and platelets
2. red blood cells: erythrocytes, transport O2 away from CO2 waste, oxygenated bright red
3. white blood cells: leukocytes, from bone marrow’s stem cells, house keeping, defense
4. platelets: cytoplasmic fragments (shed by stem cells) wrapped in plasma membrane; 5-9 days

Question 6

anemia

Answer 6

too few red blood cells

Question 7

agglutination

Answer 7

proteins (called antibodies) act against foreign cells and clump together

Question 8

blood type

Answer 8

Question 9

Blood Flow Order

Answer 9

1. artery
2. arteriole (guide blood flow under nervous/endo. systems)
3. capillary (diffusion & exchange, missing smooth muscle rings and outer coat)
4. venule
5. vein

Question 10

jugular veins

Answer 10

receive blood from brain & head tissue

Question 11

superior vena cava

Answer 11

receives blood from upper body blood

Question 12

pulmonary veins/arteries

Answer 12

oxygen rich/poor blood for lungs to/from heart

Question 13

hepatic portal vein

Answer 13

delivers nutrient-rich blood from intestine to liver

Question 14

inferior vena cava

Answer 14

receives blood from veins below

Question 15

iliac artery/vein

Answer 15

carries blood to/from pelvic organs

Question 16

cardiac cycle:

1. systole (contraction)
2. diastole relaxation

Answer 16

1. relaxed atria fills
2. ^pressure forces AV valves open
3. blood flows to ventricles
4. forces AV valves shut
5. opens semilunar valves
6. to arteries

Question 17

pacemaker

Answer 17

SA node fires action potentials faster than rest of system

Question 18

hemostasis

stops blood loss, constructing a framework for repairs

Answer 18

1. blood vessel spasm: smooth muscle contracts
2. platelet plug formation: clump, release substances prolonging spasm and attracting more platelets
3. coagulation: blood-> gel; fibrinogen sticks to collagen fibers

Question 19

tissue layers of heart

Answer 19

1. pericardium (tough sac, anchor heart to adj. structrues)
2. myocardium (bundled cardiac muscle cells held by elastin & collagen)
3. endothelium (lines heart chambers and all blood vessels)

Question 20

antrioventicular (AV) valve

Answer 20

separates atria from ventricles

Question 21

semilunar valves

Answer 21

separate atria from ventricles

Question 22

thickest walled vessels

Answer 22

arteries

Question 23

blood pressure

Answer 23

fluid pressure imparted to blood by heart contractions

• prop. to pressure gradient in vessel
• inv. prop. to vessel’s resistance to flow

Question 24

systolic (ventricle against artery)

over

diastolic (slowest)

Question 25

capillaries

Answer 25

* ~ 8 um * O2, CO2, small lipid-soluble molecules can leak between beds * ultrafiltration: pressure \> osmosis; plasma forced out * capillary reabsorption: venous; fluid comes in

Question 26

exercise vs. rest (veins)

Answer 26

fluid pressure ^, veins squeeze blood

Question 27

atherosclerosis

Answer 27

lipid levels in endothelium rise; lose elasticity

Question 28

hypertension

Answer 28

140/90

Question 29

HDL

Answer 29

removes cholesterol from body to liver

Question 30

veins

Answer 30

large-diameter, low-resistance transport tuubes to the heart; hold 50-60% total blood

Question 31

aterioles

Answer 31

major sites of volume flow control

Question 32

largest lymph organ

Answer 32

spleen

Question 33

thymus gland

Answer 33

where immature T-lymphocytes differentiate recognition to pathogens

Question 34

blood pressure is highest at

Answer 34

contracting ventricles; drives blood circulation