chapters 7.1-7.2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is memory
A
a collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time
2
Q
how many memory stores does the atkinson-shiffrin model contain
A
three
3
Q
what are memory stores
A
retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose
4
Q
what are the 3 stores
A
- sensory memory
- short term memory
- long term memory
5
Q
what is control process
A
shifts information from one memory store to another
6
Q
example of the control process
A
- izzy just moved to a new neighbourhood and is looking for a new place to have lunch
- soon as she approaches a cafe and looks at a menu, it is too expensive. she paid attention to it and held it in her short-term memory
- izzy notices another restaurant and rehearses the address in her head
- she is not aware, but as she rehearses she is encoding the name of the restaurant in her long term memory
- izzy runs into emma and invites her to lunch and effortlessly retrieves the name of the other restaurant and thinks about it again as it becomes active short term memory again
7
Q
what happens in your memory system
A
we can lose and forget memory at each stage
8
Q
where does information enter our sensory memory
A
through all of our senses, and the control process we call attention
9
Q
what is attention in the control process
A
selects which information will be passed on to the STM
- selecting elements of our environment that we will receive further processing and add to our understanding
10
Q
what is encoding
A
the process of storing information in the LTM
10
Q
why does encoding happen
A
sometimes sense can become quickly forgotten, so we need to narrow down the selection in the STM
10
Q
what is retrieval
A
brings information from LTM back into STM
11
Q
when does retrieval happen
A
when you become aware of existing memories
12
Q
what is sensory memory
A
a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for very brief time
13
Q
what is iconic memory
A
the visual form of sensory memory
- EYEconic
14
Q
what is echonic memory
A
the auditory form of sensory
- EARchonic
14
Q
what does the echnoic and iconic memory allow us to do
A
repeat back words
15
Q
what does attention allow us to do
A
move small amount of information from our sensory memory into our STM
16
Q
what is change blindness
A
the relationship between the sensory memory and attention
- participants view 2 nearly identical versions of a picture and you must find the difference
17
Q
is the memory transferred from STM always remembered
A
no
18
Q
what is there a limit of
A
how much information can be transferred at once
19
Q
what is short term memory
A
a memory store with limited capacity and duration
- the magical number 7, plus or minus 2
20
Q
what is chunking
A
organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units
21
Q
what is long term memory
A
holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently
- NO capacity limitations
22
how much information from STM is encoded into LTM
only a small amount
22
how is the information organized in the LTM
1. semantic categories that the item belongs to
- the mental representation of a cat belonging in the animal category
2. sound of the words and how the words look
- tip of the tongue phenomenon
23
what is the tip of the tongue phenomenon
when you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can not quite retrieve the actual word
24
how to distinguish LTM and STM
short term memory lasts 30 seconds and contains 7+/-2 information
25
what is the serial position effect
you remember the last few digits, the first few digits and only 2 from the middle in a 12 sequence number
26
in the serial position effect when is the primacy effect
the first few items are remembered relatively easily because they are entering the LTM
27
in the serial position effect when is the recency effect
you remember the last few digits because it is still in your short term memory
27
how is the dip in the middle of the serial position effect explained
1. proactive interference
2. retroactive interference
28
what is proactive interference
a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the new information
29
what is the retroactive interference
the most recently learned information overshadows some of the older memories that have not yet made it into the LTM
30
how can STM damage occur
to the lower portions of the temporal and parietal lobes as well as the lateral areas of the frontal loves
30
what happens if you damage the hippocampus
this will prevent the transfer of memories from STM to LTM
31
what is the working model
a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time
31
what is rehearsal
repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore
32
how does the stimuli encode memory
simultaneously
33
what is the classic working memory model for short term remembering divided into
1. the phonological loop
2. the visuospatial sketchpad
3. the episodic buffer
34
what is the phonological loop
a storage compenent of working memory that relies on rehersal and that stores information as sunds, or as an auditory code
35
what is the visuospatial loop
a storage component if working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code
36
what is a episodic buffer
a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other 2 components into coherent, story like episodes
36
what is an example of how they work together as 3
the auditory information from the host needs to be remembered so you can win a free trip (phonological loop) the visual information needs to be remembered so you can keep track of the traffic patterns while you drive (visuospatial loop) while you drive you juggle the bits of information and link together a mental narrative or story about how you had to pull over to win a vacation (episodic buffer)
37
what is the wave length effect
shows that people remember more one-syllable words than four-syllable words in a short term memory task
38
what is feature binding
the process of combining visual features into a single unit
-after the visuospatial can accurately retain 4 whole objects
38
how many syllables can the working memory store
as many that can be rehearsed in about 2 seconds and it is retained for approximately 15-30
38
what is the central exclutive
the control centre f working memory it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the 3 storage components
38
what does the central exclutive examine
what information is relevant to the persons goals, interests, and prior knowledge and focusing attention on the working memory component whose information will be most useful in that situation
38
what is non declarative memory
actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness
39
what is declarative memory
memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and our own personal experiences
40
what are the two forms declarative memory comes in
1. episodic memory
2. sematic memory
41
what is episodic memory
declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around 'episodes' and are recalled from first hand experience
41
what is sematic memory
declarative memories that include facts about the world
41
example of sematic and episodic memory
sematic is your knowledge on what a bike is while episodic memeory is the specific time when you rode the bike
41
when does non declarative memory occur
when previous experiences influence performance on a task that does not require the person to internally remember those experiences
- knowing how to do something with the memory of learning when to do it
42
what happens to episodic memory as people get older
it declines
43
what memory is classical conditioning apart of
non declarative
- because when a previously netrual stimulus produces a new response with a history of being paired with another stimulus that produces a response
43
what is procedural memory
learned patterns of muscle movements
44
how do they look at it from the cognitive neuroscience perspective
the neuronal changes that occur as memories are forming and strengthening and will then examine the brain structures involved in love term storage
44
how do psychologist intrested in memory examine it
a biological perspective by investigating how the nervous system changes with the formation of new memories
45
what did hebb say about cells
cells that fire together wire together
46
what is long term potentiation
demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between cells that fire together
47
what is consolidation
the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain
47
what happens when neurons fire together
they adapt and make changes caused by LPT more permanent
47
what does cellular consolidation involve
physical changes to the synapse between the cells so that the presynaptic cell is more likely to stimulate a specific post synapic cell or group of cells t
48
what happens without consolidation
the initial changes in the synapse fade away and so does the memoery
49
what is amnesia
a profound loss of at least one form of memory
50
what is anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories for events after a brain injury
50
what parts of the brian are involved with consolidation
the medial temporal lobes which contains the hippocampus and surrounding cortex as well as the amygdala
51
what is storage
the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval
52
what is retrograde amnesia
when you can not remeber what happened before the brain injury
52
what is cross cortical storage
the long term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain, rather than being localized in one region
52
how is rehearsal distinct from encoding
rehearsal keeps information in short term memory but itself does not encode information for long term memory
53
what is maintenance rehearsal
prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
54
what is elaborative rehearsal
prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
55
what does levels of processing mean
not all elaborative encoding is created equal
55
what is the LOP
it understands that our ability to recall information is more directly related to how information was initially processed
56
how can different processing be described
as a continuum ranging from shallow to deep processing
56
shallow processing
involves encoding more superficial properties of the stimulus
- the sound
57
what is deep processing
related to encoding information about an item's meaning or its function
- what is a synonym for this word
58
what is retrival
once information is encoded and stored in memory the challenge it to be able to bring it back when needed
58
what is self reference effect
occurs when you think about information in terms of how it related to you or how it is useful to you
59
what is recognition
involves identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you
59
what is the encoding specificity principle
retrieval is most effective when the conditions are the time of encoding and retrieval are the same
59
what is recall
involves retrieving information when asked but without that information being present during the retrieval process
59
what is the context-dependent memory
the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding
60
what does context dependent memory show-
characteristics of the environment can serve as a retrieval cues for memory
61
what is easier to retrieve
emotional memories
61
what is weapon focus
the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including the identity of the person holding the weapon
61
what does mood have a large effect on
recall test
61
what is mood dependent memory
people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding
61
what is state dependent memory
retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
- strongest for declarative memory
61
what side of the frontal lobe is particularly sensitive to context
the right side because it is the region known to be critical for retrieval
62
what does emotion have less of an effect on
short term memory and recognition memory because they have much less variability than LTM
62
what does fear do to the ability to encode
it impairs the peoples ability to encode new information unless that information is itself emotional
63
what does the hippocampus do
encodes the long term memories
64
what does the amygdala do
emotional processing and responding
65
what is the flashbulb memory
an extremely valid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
65
what do these memories involve
recollections of locations, what was happening to oneself at the time of event and the emotional reactions of self and others
65
what is the forgetting curve
without knowledge of forgetting, it is difficult to ascertain how well we can remember
65
what is mneconomics
a technique intended to improve memory for specific information
66
what is the method of loci
a mneconomic that connects words to be remembered to locations along with familiar paths
- you must first imagine a route that has landmarks or easily identifiable spaces, then you need to relate the first word on the list to the first location encountered
66
what is an acronym
pronounceable words whose letters represent the initial of an important phrase
Western
Educated
Industrial
Rich
Democracy
67
what is the first letter technique
uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence
- Every Good Boy Plays Sports
68
what is dual coding
occurs when information is stored in more than one form
- verbal description and visual image
69
what is desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and not effortful, but result in better overall remembering
70
what is testing effects
the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
71
what is cognitive offloading
the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task
