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intro to psychology > chapters 7.1-7.2 > Flashcards

chapters 7.1-7.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory

A

a collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

how many memory stores does the atkinson-shiffrin model contain

A

three

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3
Q

what are memory stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

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4
Q

what are the 3 stores

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short term memory
  3. long term memory
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5
Q

what is control process

A

shifts information from one memory store to another

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6
Q

example of the control process

A
  1. izzy just moved to a new neighbourhood and is looking for a new place to have lunch
  2. soon as she approaches a cafe and looks at a menu, it is too expensive. she paid attention to it and held it in her short-term memory
  3. izzy notices another restaurant and rehearses the address in her head
  4. she is not aware, but as she rehearses she is encoding the name of the restaurant in her long term memory
  5. izzy runs into emma and invites her to lunch and effortlessly retrieves the name of the other restaurant and thinks about it again as it becomes active short term memory again
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7
Q

what happens in your memory system

A

we can lose and forget memory at each stage

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8
Q

where does information enter our sensory memory

A

through all of our senses, and the control process we call attention

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9
Q

what is attention in the control process

A

selects which information will be passed on to the STM
- selecting elements of our environment that we will receive further processing and add to our understanding

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10
Q

what is encoding

A

the process of storing information in the LTM

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10
Q

why does encoding happen

A

sometimes sense can become quickly forgotten, so we need to narrow down the selection in the STM

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10
Q

what is retrieval

A

brings information from LTM back into STM

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11
Q

when does retrieval happen

A

when you become aware of existing memories

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12
Q

what is sensory memory

A

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for very brief time

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13
Q

what is iconic memory

A

the visual form of sensory memory
- EYEconic

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14
Q

what is echonic memory

A

the auditory form of sensory
- EARchonic

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14
Q

what does the echnoic and iconic memory allow us to do

A

repeat back words

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15
Q

what does attention allow us to do

A

move small amount of information from our sensory memory into our STM

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16
Q

what is change blindness

A

the relationship between the sensory memory and attention
- participants view 2 nearly identical versions of a picture and you must find the difference

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17
Q

is the memory transferred from STM always remembered

A

no

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18
Q

what is there a limit of

A

how much information can be transferred at once

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19
Q

what is short term memory

A

a memory store with limited capacity and duration
- the magical number 7, plus or minus 2

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20
Q

what is chunking

A

organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

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21
Q

what is long term memory

A

holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently
- NO capacity limitations

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22
Q

how much information from STM is encoded into LTM

A

only a small amount

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22
Q

how is the information organized in the LTM

A
  1. semantic categories that the item belongs to
    - the mental representation of a cat belonging in the animal category
  2. sound of the words and how the words look
    - tip of the tongue phenomenon
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23
Q

what is the tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

when you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can not quite retrieve the actual word

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24
Q

how to distinguish LTM and STM

A

short term memory lasts 30 seconds and contains 7+/-2 information

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25
Q

what is the serial position effect

A

you remember the last few digits, the first few digits and only 2 from the middle in a 12 sequence number

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26
Q

in the serial position effect when is the primacy effect

A

the first few items are remembered relatively easily because they are entering the LTM

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27
Q

in the serial position effect when is the recency effect

A

you remember the last few digits because it is still in your short term memory

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27
Q

how is the dip in the middle of the serial position effect explained

A
  1. proactive interference
  2. retroactive interference
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28
Q

what is proactive interference

A

a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the new information

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29
Q

what is the retroactive interference

A

the most recently learned information overshadows some of the older memories that have not yet made it into the LTM

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30
Q

how can STM damage occur

A

to the lower portions of the temporal and parietal lobes as well as the lateral areas of the frontal loves

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30
Q

what happens if you damage the hippocampus

A

this will prevent the transfer of memories from STM to LTM

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31
Q

what is the working model

A

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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31
Q

what is rehearsal

A

repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore

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32
Q

how does the stimuli encode memory

A

simultaneously

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33
Q

what is the classic working memory model for short term remembering divided into

A
  1. the phonological loop
  2. the visuospatial sketchpad
  3. the episodic buffer
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34
Q

what is the phonological loop

A

a storage compenent of working memory that relies on rehersal and that stores information as sunds, or as an auditory code

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35
Q

what is the visuospatial loop

A

a storage component if working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

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36
Q

what is a episodic buffer

A

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other 2 components into coherent, story like episodes

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36
Q

what is an example of how they work together as 3

A

the auditory information from the host needs to be remembered so you can win a free trip (phonological loop) the visual information needs to be remembered so you can keep track of the traffic patterns while you drive (visuospatial loop) while you drive you juggle the bits of information and link together a mental narrative or story about how you had to pull over to win a vacation (episodic buffer)

37
Q

what is the wave length effect

A

shows that people remember more one-syllable words than four-syllable words in a short term memory task

38
Q

what is feature binding

A

the process of combining visual features into a single unit
-after the visuospatial can accurately retain 4 whole objects

38
Q

how many syllables can the working memory store

A

as many that can be rehearsed in about 2 seconds and it is retained for approximately 15-30

38
Q

what is the central exclutive

A

the control centre f working memory it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the 3 storage components

38
Q

what does the central exclutive examine

A

what information is relevant to the persons goals, interests, and prior knowledge and focusing attention on the working memory component whose information will be most useful in that situation

38
Q

what is non declarative memory

A

actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness

39
Q

what is declarative memory

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and our own personal experiences

40
Q

what are the two forms declarative memory comes in

A
  1. episodic memory
  2. sematic memory
41
Q

what is episodic memory

A

declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around ‘episodes’ and are recalled from first hand experience

41
Q

what is sematic memory

A

declarative memories that include facts about the world

41
Q

example of sematic and episodic memory

A

sematic is your knowledge on what a bike is while episodic memeory is the specific time when you rode the bike

41
Q

when does non declarative memory occur

A

when previous experiences influence performance on a task that does not require the person to internally remember those experiences
- knowing how to do something with the memory of learning when to do it

42
Q

what happens to episodic memory as people get older

A

it declines

43
Q

what memory is classical conditioning apart of

A

non declarative
- because when a previously netrual stimulus produces a new response with a history of being paired with another stimulus that produces a response

43
Q

what is procedural memory

A

learned patterns of muscle movements

44
Q

how do they look at it from the cognitive neuroscience perspective

A

the neuronal changes that occur as memories are forming and strengthening and will then examine the brain structures involved in love term storage

44
Q

how do psychologist intrested in memory examine it

A

a biological perspective by investigating how the nervous system changes with the formation of new memories

45
Q

what did hebb say about cells

A

cells that fire together wire together

46
Q

what is long term potentiation

A

demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between cells that fire together

47
Q

what is consolidation

A

the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

47
Q

what happens when neurons fire together

A

they adapt and make changes caused by LPT more permanent

47
Q

what does cellular consolidation involve

A

physical changes to the synapse between the cells so that the presynaptic cell is more likely to stimulate a specific post synapic cell or group of cells t

48
Q

what happens without consolidation

A

the initial changes in the synapse fade away and so does the memoery

49
Q

what is amnesia

A

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

50
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to form new memories for events after a brain injury

50
Q

what parts of the brian are involved with consolidation

A

the medial temporal lobes which contains the hippocampus and surrounding cortex as well as the amygdala

51
Q

what is storage

A

the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

52
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

when you can not remeber what happened before the brain injury

52
Q

what is cross cortical storage

A

the long term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain, rather than being localized in one region

52
Q

how is rehearsal distinct from encoding

A

rehearsal keeps information in short term memory but itself does not encode information for long term memory

53
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

54
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

55
Q

what does levels of processing mean

A

not all elaborative encoding is created equal

55
Q

what is the LOP

A

it understands that our ability to recall information is more directly related to how information was initially processed

56
Q

how can different processing be described

A

as a continuum ranging from shallow to deep processing

56
Q

shallow processing

A

involves encoding more superficial properties of the stimulus
- the sound

57
Q

what is deep processing

A

related to encoding information about an item’s meaning or its function
- what is a synonym for this word

58
Q

what is retrival

A

once information is encoded and stored in memory the challenge it to be able to bring it back when needed

58
Q

what is self reference effect

A

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it related to you or how it is useful to you

59
Q

what is recognition

A

involves identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you

59
Q

what is the encoding specificity principle

A

retrieval is most effective when the conditions are the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

59
Q

what is recall

A

involves retrieving information when asked but without that information being present during the retrieval process

59
Q

what is the context-dependent memory

A

the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding

60
Q

what does context dependent memory show-

A

characteristics of the environment can serve as a retrieval cues for memory

61
Q

what is easier to retrieve

A

emotional memories

61
Q

what is weapon focus

A

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including the identity of the person holding the weapon

61
Q

what does mood have a large effect on

A

recall test

61
Q

what is mood dependent memory

A

people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

61
Q

what is state dependent memory

A

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
- strongest for declarative memory

61
Q

what side of the frontal lobe is particularly sensitive to context

A

the right side because it is the region known to be critical for retrieval

62
Q

what does emotion have less of an effect on

A

short term memory and recognition memory because they have much less variability than LTM

62
Q

what does fear do to the ability to encode

A

it impairs the peoples ability to encode new information unless that information is itself emotional

63
Q

what does the hippocampus do

A

encodes the long term memories

64
Q

what does the amygdala do

A

emotional processing and responding

65
Q

what is the flashbulb memory

A

an extremely valid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

65
Q

what do these memories involve

A

recollections of locations, what was happening to oneself at the time of event and the emotional reactions of self and others

65
Q

what is the forgetting curve

A

without knowledge of forgetting, it is difficult to ascertain how well we can remember

65
Q

what is mneconomics

A

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

66
Q

what is the method of loci

A

a mneconomic that connects words to be remembered to locations along with familiar paths
- you must first imagine a route that has landmarks or easily identifiable spaces, then you need to relate the first word on the list to the first location encountered

66
Q

what is an acronym

A

pronounceable words whose letters represent the initial of an important phrase
Western
Educated
Industrial
Rich
Democracy

67
Q

what is the first letter technique

A

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence
- Every Good Boy Plays Sports

68
Q

what is dual coding

A

occurs when information is stored in more than one form
- verbal description and visual image

69
Q

what is desirable difficulties

A

techniques that make studying slower and not effortful, but result in better overall remembering

70
Q

what is testing effects

A

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying

71
Q

what is cognitive offloading

A

the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task

intro to psychology (7 decks)

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