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intro to psychology > chapters 6.1 classical conditioning > Flashcards

chapters 6.1 classical conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

what is learning

A

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience
- change in behaviour in response to rewards or punishments

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2
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus

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3
Q

how do events in classical conditioning work

A

one event causes the other

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4
Q

what is a stimulus

A

an external event or cue that elicits a perceptual response

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5
Q

what is unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning (when you are at school in JK and hear the bell right for the first time)

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6
Q

what is unconditioned response

A

a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (the teacher telling you its time to go for lunch in JK)

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7
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus

A

a once-neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (hearing the bell ring once you are in grade 1)

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8
Q

what is a conditioned response

A

the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus (knowing that you have to get up and go for lunch)

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9
Q

how does a conditioned response develop

A

after repeatedly pairing with the unconditioned stimulus the once-neutral bell became a conditioned stimulus because it elicited the conditioned response

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10
Q

how does a neutral stimulus elicit a response

A

it is paired with and, therefore, can predict an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

what distinguishes a UR from a CR

A

the stimulus that stimulates them

  • the bell is both the responses
  • for the unconditioned stimulus: if the bell is in the unconditioned response, it occurs in the response to the unconditioned stimulus (teaching telling its lunchtime)
  • in the conditioned response if the bell occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus
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12
Q

when can a conditioned stimulus have this effect

A

only when it becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

what response is a naturally occurring response

A

the unconditioned response

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14
Q

what response is learned

A

the conditioned response

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15
Q

what is the evolutionary function of the conditioned response

A

the UR and CR are not always identical because it is an evolutionary function

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16
Q

what are the 2 defensive responses associated with fear

A

1 freezing
- fleeing

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17
Q

what is classical conditioning to the brain

A

it is a widespread biological process

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18
Q

when does a specific group of neurons become strengthened

A

when the weak connection of these neurons comes together and strengthen during each instance of classical conditioning

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18
Q

what is the Hebb Rule

A

when a weak connection between neurons is stimulated at the same time as a strong connection, the weak connection becomes strengthened

19
Q

what is the process of classical conditioning

A
  • conditioned responses typically involve reflexive actions
  • conditioned responses may be strong and reliable, especially if the US and the CS have a long history of being paired
20
Q

what can happen to conditioned responses over time

A

they can diminish or may occur with new stimuli with which the response has never been paired

21
Q

what is acquisition

A

the initial phase of learning in which a response is established

22
Q

what phase does acquisition happen in during classical conditioning

A

the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

23
Q

when is acquisition predictable

A

when the CS and the US occur together

24
Q

can a fully conditioned response be fully acquired

A

no there is no guarantee it will persist forever

25
Q

what is extinction

A

the reduction of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together
- when the bell rings but there is no longer lunchtime

26
Q

what is an example of the biological perspective

A

if the bell is not a reliable predictor of lunchtime, the hungry in response to this stimulus becomes unnecessary

27
Q

what is an example of the naturalistic perspective

A

no longer reliably signals the presence of danger, then the effort spent on defence is wasted

28
Q

what is an example of the neutral level

A

the rate of firing in brain areas related to the learned association decreases over the course of extinction

29
Q

what happens if classically conditioned behaviour disappears

A

if it disappears due to extinction, it could quickly reappear if the CS is paired with the US again

30
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after the same time has passed since extinction

31
Q

can classically conditioned responses change once they are acquired

A

yes, extinction and spontaneous recovery are evidence of this.
- a dog can learn that something new., such as the clicking meaning the food will not appear

32
Q

what is generalization

A

a process in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for a different though, similar stimulus
- kids get hungry not just for the school bell but also to the phone alarm

33
Q

how does hebb rule explain generalization

A
  1. when we perceive a stimulus, it activates not only our brain representations of that item but also our representation of related items
  2. if similar items are active at the same time as the synapse involved in the conditioned response, the additional synapse would become strengthened and would be more likely to fire along with other cells
34
Q

what does generalizability allow for

A

flexibility in learned behaviours

35
Q

what is discrimination

A

when an organism learns to respond to one original conditioned stimulus but not new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

36
Q

what is a conditioned emotional response

A

consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

37
Q

what can conditioned emotional response cause

A

phobias

38
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

learns to fear a location. it interacts with fear-related activity in the amygdala to produce contextual fear conditioning

39
Q

what do neurons surpress

A

the activity of the brain areas related to fear responses
- if the CS is paired with the US again, this suppression will be removed, and fear-conditioned responses will quickly reappear

40
Q

what is psychopathy

A

similar to antisocial, personality disorder

41
Q

what is conditioned taste aversion

A

foods that you can never eat again because it made you ill one

42
Q

what does conditioned adversion typically occur for

A

flavour of the particular food rather than to do the stimuli that may have been p[resent when you became ill

43
Q

what is preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

44
Q

what is latent inhibition

A

occurs when frequent experiences with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

45
Q

how does classical conditioning relate to drugs

A

it can influence how the body regulates its own responses to different stimuli

intro to psychology (7 decks)

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