chapters 6.3

Question 1

in the cognitive perspective of learning how did psychologist different views from behaviouraism

Answer 1

by addressing unobservable mental phenomena

Question 2

how do humans learn

Answer 2

much of it involves absorbing information and then demonstrating what we have learned by performing tasks

Question 3

can learning occur even without behavioural evidence

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is latent learning

Answer 4

learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so
- the rats maze trail where each had different number of treats

Question 5

how do humans acquire information

Answer 5

in the absence of immediate reinforcement and that we can use that information when circumstances allow

Question 6

what does latent learning suggest

Answer 6

individuals engage in more ‘thinking’ than traditional behaviouralist would acknowledge

Question 7

what does cognitive theories of learning suggest

Answer 7

an individual actively processes and analyzes information

Question 8

what is the S-O-R stand for

Answer 8

Stimulus - Organism - Response

Question 9

what is the SOR

Answer 9

thinking took place; however, they disagreed about the content of thoughts

Question 10

what did Thorndike believe

Answer 10

thoughts were based on the S-R contingencies that an organism had learned throughout life

Question 11

what explains the difference learning histories

Answer 11

the individual differences in responding to stimulus

Question 12

what are individual differences based on

Answer 12

people cognitive interpretation of that situation
- not everyone is scared of spiders

Question 13

what is the different reaction to the same stimulus due to

Answer 13

the organism. each person or organism will think about or interpret a situation in a slightly different way

Question 14

what is observational learning

Answer 14

changes in behaviour and knowledge that results from watching others

Question 15

what needs to happen for observational learning to occur

Answer 15

1. attention : to act the behaviour
2. memory : for it
3. ability to reproduce : it
4. motivation : to do so

Question 16

what is attention

Answer 16

seeing someone react with a classically conditioned fear to snakes can result in you acquiring that fear

Question 16

what is memory

Answer 16

when we learn new behaviour, there is often a delay before the opportunity to perform it arises

Question 17

what is reproduction of behaviour

Answer 17

can be challenging depending on the task. observational learning is most effective when we observe first, practice immediately, and continue to practice and observe soon after acquiring the response

Question 18

what is motivation

Answer 18

being hungry or thirsty will motivate you to get a cup of water

Question 18

what are observational punishments

Answer 18

• less effective at changing behaviour than reinforcement
• witnessing others experience negative consequences may decrease your chances of copying someone else’s behaviour
• humans can be poor at learning punishments

Question 19

what is imitation

Answer 19

recreating someone elses motor behaviour or expressions, often to accomplish a specific goal

Question 20

when do theorist believe that children receive positive reinforcement

Answer 20

when children properly imitate the behaviour of an adult. this allows children to gain a better understanding of their own body parts vs the observed body parts

Question 21

what is an example of mirror neuron cells

Answer 21

groups of neurons in part of the frontal lobes associated with planning movements became active both when a monkey performed an action and when it was observed another money performing an action

Question 22

what are groups of neurons sensitive to

Answer 22

the context of an action