chapters 6.3 Flashcards
in the cognitive perspective of learning how did psychologist different views from behaviouraism
by addressing unobservable mental phenomena
how do humans learn
much of it involves absorbing information and then demonstrating what we have learned by performing tasks
can learning occur even without behavioural evidence
yes
what is latent learning
learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so
- the rats maze trail where each had different number of treats
how do humans acquire information
in the absence of immediate reinforcement and that we can use that information when circumstances allow
what does latent learning suggest
individuals engage in more ‘thinking’ than traditional behaviouralist would acknowledge
what does cognitive theories of learning suggest
an individual actively processes and analyzes information
what is the S-O-R stand for
Stimulus - Organism - Response
what is the SOR
thinking took place; however, they disagreed about the content of thoughts
what did Thorndike believe
thoughts were based on the S-R contingencies that an organism had learned throughout life
what explains the difference learning histories
the individual differences in responding to stimulus
what are individual differences based on
people cognitive interpretation of that situation
- not everyone is scared of spiders
what is the different reaction to the same stimulus due to
the organism. each person or organism will think about or interpret a situation in a slightly different way
what is observational learning
changes in behaviour and knowledge that results from watching others
what needs to happen for observational learning to occur
- attention : to act the behaviour
- memory : for it
- ability to reproduce : it
- motivation : to do so
what is attention
seeing someone react with a classically conditioned fear to snakes can result in you acquiring that fear
what is memory
when we learn new behaviour, there is often a delay before the opportunity to perform it arises
what is reproduction of behaviour
can be challenging depending on the task. observational learning is most effective when we observe first, practice immediately, and continue to practice and observe soon after acquiring the response
what is motivation
being hungry or thirsty will motivate you to get a cup of water
what are observational punishments
- less effective at changing behaviour than reinforcement
- witnessing others experience negative consequences may decrease your chances of copying someone else’s behaviour
- humans can be poor at learning punishments
what is imitation
recreating someone elses motor behaviour or expressions, often to accomplish a specific goal
when do theorist believe that children receive positive reinforcement
when children properly imitate the behaviour of an adult. this allows children to gain a better understanding of their own body parts vs the observed body parts
what is an example of mirror neuron cells
groups of neurons in part of the frontal lobes associated with planning movements became active both when a monkey performed an action and when it was observed another money performing an action
what are groups of neurons sensitive to
the context of an action
