chapters 11.1

Question 1

what is motivation

Answer 1

concerns the physiological and psychological processes understanding the initation of behaviours that direct organisms torward specific goals

Question 2

why is behaviour initiated

Answer 2

to complete some sort of goal-directed behaviour

Question 3

what is homeostasis

Answer 3

the body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment
- when body water levels fall below normal, cells release chemical compounds that maintain the structures and fluid levels of the cell

Question 4

what is a drive

Answer 4

a biological trigger that tells us we are deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed

Question 4

what does stress normally lead us to

Answer 4

more resources than we normality would
- it is challenging to our homeostasis because it is difficult to predict how long you will be in that energy consuming state

Question 4

what is incentives

Answer 4

the stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

Question 5

what is allostasis

Answer 5

motivation that is not only influenced by current needs but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress
- wanting to sleep after my exam

Question 5

what do motivational systems have to do

Answer 5

make predictions about the resources that our body will require, and then initiate motivational behaviours that will drive us to acquire those resources

Question 6

example of the relationship between homeostasis and allostasis

Answer 6

emma eats chips while she’s stressed about her exam. the experience of anxiety used a lot of her energy, as did the effort required to control her emotions. if emma did not increase her food consumption to meet the new energy demands, her energy levels would quickly dip

if Emma was not stressed out, HOMEOSTASIS would drive her toward consuming a particular number of calories, but ALLOSTASIS would drive her to consume a greater number of calories

Question 7

what is the hypothalamus

Answer 7

a brain structure that refulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

Question 7

what is hypothalamus involved in

Answer 7

regulating motivation and homeostasis by stimulating the release of hormones throughout the body

Question 8

what is the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 8

serves as the on switch

Question 8

what is the ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 8

serves as the off switch

Question 9

what is paraventricular

Answer 9

a nucleus in hypothalumus that inhibits the lateral hypothalmus triggering it to stop

Question 10

what is the hypothalamus influenced by

Answer 10

hormones that are relased in the gut in the response to the energy needs of your body

Question 11

what are key functions of the hypothalmus

Answer 11

to monitor blood chemistry for indicators of the levels of sugar and hormones necessary for you to have enough energy to function

Question 11

what is glucose

Answer 11

a sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and rest of the body

Question 12

what is insulin

Answer 12

a hormone secreted by the pancreas and helps store this circulating glucose for future use
- insulin levels rise in response to consumption of a meal, hunger decreases

Question 13

why do humans crave fatty foods

Answer 13

we have specialized receptors on the tongue that are sensitive to the fat content of food
- these receptors send messages to the brain that stimulate the release of endorphins and dopamine

Question 14

what is sugar fixed

Answer 14

addiction to candy and chocolate

Question 14

what do sugars and drug have in common

Answer 14

they share similarities such as supernormal stimuli and ordinary sucrose

Question 14

what is supernormal stimuli

Answer 14

stimuli are more intense than our bodies evolved to typically experience

Question 15

what role does dopamine play in eating

Answer 15

1. craving for food
2. our feeling of satisfaction when we taste food
3. motivation to eat

Question 16

what happens when ordinary sucrose is stimulated

Answer 16

it releases the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, a brain area for reinforcing effects of substances

Question 17

what 2 reward responses can food lead to

Answer 17

1. when we taste food
2. when we digest food

Question 17

what is satisfaction

Answer 17

the point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

Question 18

what is unit bias

Answer 18

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or proportioning is an appropriate amount to consume
- a banana comes individual unwrapped and makes a healthy snack
- packaged foods often come in sizes too large

Question 19

what can affect how much we consume

Answer 19

paying attention to the moment to moment expereince

Question 20

what is social facilitation : eating more

Answer 20

the longer the person sits socializing the more likely they will get offered seconds or thirds and consume more

Question 21

what is impression management : eating less

Answer 21

self conciously control their behaviour so others will see them a certain way

Question 22

what is modelling : whatever they eat

Answer 22

if you are at a dinner party and notice everyone is eating slowly, you will also eat slowly

Question 23

what is obesity

Answer 23

a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

Question 23

what is anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

eating disorder that involves self starvation, intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with ones body, denial of serious consequences of severely low weight

Question 23

what are our dietary habits influenced by

Answer 23

biological dispositions, our beliefs and perceptions about eating and our bodies, as well as sociocultural factors

Question 24

what can eating disorders develop

Answer 24

1. stress
2. social factors
3. families

Question 24

what is bulimia nervosa

Answer 24

eating disorder characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating, and purging

Question 25

what is the difference between the two eating disorders

Answer 25

1. bulimia is marked to be impulsive
2. people diagnosed with bulimia are more likely to enter treatment problems
3. people with anorexia often appear indifferent to the negative effects

Question 26

what is stress in relation to eating disorders

Answer 26

• patients with eating disorders report greater levels of premorbid life stress than do age-gender matches without the disorder
• they feel they have no control over their lives
• the perceived loss of control can lead to depression, anxiety etc

Question 27

what is social factors in relation to eating disorders

Answer 27

• peer influenced by learning attitudes and behaviours
• social media

Question 28

what is families in relation to eating disorders

Answer 28

• compliment girls with anorexia for being blim and praise their self-control

Question 29

how can eating disorders be used as a coping mechanism

Answer 29

the weight and eating the primary focus of their life, they gain a sense of feeling and security

Question 30

what is the reproduction suppression hypothesis

Answer 30

states that women who believe they have low levels of social support from romantic partners and family are more likely to engage in dieting behaviour

Question 31

what is rhe evolutitonary perspective for this

Answer 31

changes in food intake can influence ovulation and lead to a loss of menstrual periods