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Sociology > Chapters 7, 8, 9 Terms > Flashcards

Chapters 7, 8, 9 Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a groups whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups

A

race

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2
Q

the annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity

A

genocide

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3
Q

having distinctive cultural characteristics

A

ethnicity

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4
Q

people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

A

minority group

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5
Q

the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status

A

dominant group

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6
Q

activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an ethnic or racial identity

A

ethnic work

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7
Q

an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group

A

discrimination

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8
Q

prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race

A

racism

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9
Q

an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way

A

prejudice

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10
Q

the idea that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and racial-ethnic relations improve when people from different racial-ethnic backgrounds, who are of equal status, interact frequently

A

contact theory

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11
Q

person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination; the negative treatment of people by other individuals

A

individual discrimination

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12
Q

negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society’s instructions; also called systemic discrimination

A

institutional discrimination

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13
Q

Theodor Adorno’s term for people who are prejudiced and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors

A

authoritarian personality

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14
Q

an individual or group unfairly blamed for someone else’s troubles

A

scapegoat

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15
Q

workers split along racial-ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines; this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers

A

split labor market

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16
Q

the unemployed; unemployed workers are thought of as being “in reserve” - capitalists take them out of reserve” during times of high production and then put them “back in reserve” when they are no longer needed

A

reserve labor force

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17
Q

seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others

A

selective perception

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18
Q

to separate acts from feelings or attitudes

A

compartmentalize

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19
Q

the forced transfer of a minority group

A

population transfer

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20
Q

a policy of eliminating a population; includes forcible expulsion and genocide

A

ethnic cleansing

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21
Q

the policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain

A

internal colonialism

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22
Q

the policy of keeping racial ethnic groups apart

A

segregation

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23
Q

the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture

A

assimilation

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24
Q

a policy that permits or encourages ethnic differences

A

multiculturalism (or pluralism)

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25
Q

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor

A

social class

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26
Q

the total value of everyone someone owns, minus the debts

A

wealth

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27
Q

money received usually from a job, business, or assets

A

income

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28
Q

the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others

A

power

29
Q

Mills’ term for the top people in US corporations, military, and politics who make the nation’s bigger decisions

A

power elite

30
Q

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class

A

status consistency

31
Q

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

A

status inconsistency

32
Q

the position that someone occupies in a social group

A

status

33
Q

Durkheim’s term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior

A

anomie

34
Q

Wright’s term for a position in the class structure that generations contradictory interests

A

contradictory class locations

35
Q

a groups of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations

A

underclass

36
Q

the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next

A

intergenerational mobility

37
Q

movement up the social class ladder

A

upward social mobility

38
Q

movement down the social class ladder

A

downward social mobility

39
Q

movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than the actions of individuals

A

structural mobility

40
Q

a large number of people moving up the social class ladder, while a large number move down; it is as though they have exchanged places, and despite much social mobility the social class system shows little exchange

A

exchange mobility

41
Q

the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low-cost food budget

A

poverty line

42
Q

a condition of U.S. poverty in which most poor families are headed by women

A

feminization of poverty

43
Q

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parent perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

A

culture of poverty

44
Q

going without something int the present in hope of achieving greater gains in the future

A

deferred gratification

45
Q

the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough

A

Horatio alger myth

46
Q

a form of social stratification in which some people own other people

A

slavery

47
Q

companies that operate across national boundaries; also called transnational corporations

A

multinational corporations

48
Q

the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group

A

social stratification

49
Q

a contractual system in which someone sells his or her body for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except it is entered into voluntarily

A

bonded labor (indentured service)

50
Q

beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements

A

ideology

51
Q

a form of social stratification in which birth determines people’s statuses, which are lifelong

A

caste system

52
Q

the practice of marrying within one’s own group

A

endogamy

53
Q

the government approved and enforced separation of racial ethnic groups as was practice in South Africa

A

apartheid

54
Q

the stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates: the nobility, clergy, and commoners

A

estate stratification system

55
Q

a form of social stratification based primarily on income, education, and prestige of occupation

A

class system

56
Q

movement up or down the social class ladder

A

social mobility

57
Q

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth

A

means of production

58
Q

Karl Marx’s terms for capitalists, those who own the means of production

A

bourgeoise

59
Q

Karl Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

A

proletariat

60
Q

Karl Marx’s term for awareness of a common identity based on one’s position in the means of production

A

class consciousness

61
Q

Karl Marx’s term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists

A

false class consciousness

62
Q

a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit

A

meritocracy

63
Q

the idea that the king’s authority comes from God; in an interesting gender bender, also applies to queens

A

divine right of kings

64
Q

the process by which one nation takes over another nation, making a colony of it, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources

A

colonialism

65
Q

a theory of how economic and political connections developed among nations, connections that now link the world’s countries

A

world system theory

66
Q

capitalism becoming the globe’s dominant economic system

A

globalization of capitalism

67
Q

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

A

culture of poverty

68
Q

the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations

A

neocolonialism

Sociology (10 decks)

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