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Sociology > Chapters 10 - 12 Terms > Flashcards

Chapters 10 - 12 Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biological characteristics that distinguish female and males consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

sex

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2
Q

the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity

A

gender

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3
Q

men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group; authority is vested in males

A

patriarchy

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4
Q

the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this principle

A

feminism

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5
Q

the most invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

A

glass ceiling

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6
Q

the abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone

A

sexual harassment

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7
Q

attempts or assaults to commit rape by force or threat of force

A

forcible rape

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8
Q

sexual assault committed by an acquaintance, date, or other person known to the victim

A

date rape

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9
Q

the maximum length of life of a species, for humans, the longest that a human has lived

A

life span

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10
Q

the number of years that an average person at any age, including newborns, can expect to live

A

life expectancy

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11
Q

the growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population

A

graying of America

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12
Q

prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age; can be directed against any age group, including youth

A

ageism

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13
Q

people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together

A

age cohort

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14
Q

the view that society is stabilized by having the elderly retire their positions of responsibility so the younger generation can step into their shoes

A

disengagement theory

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15
Q

the view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person’s amount and quality of activity

A

activity theory

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16
Q

a theory focusing on how many people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives

A

continuity theory

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17
Q

the exercise of power, leadership, influence, and authority

A

politics

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18
Q

the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others

A

power

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19
Q

power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power

A

authority

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20
Q

power that people do not accept as rightly exercised over them; also called illegitimate power

A

coercion

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21
Q

a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory; commonly known as a country

A

state

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22
Q

authority based on a custom

A

traditional authority

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23
Q

authority based on law or written rules and regulations, also called bureaucratic authority

A

rational-legal authority

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24
Q

authority based on an individual’s outstanding traits, which attract followers

A

charismatic authority

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25
Q

an independent city whose power radiates outward, bringing the adjacent area under its rule

A

city-state

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26
Q

a form of government headed by a king or queen

A

monarchy

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27
Q

a government whose authority comes from the people; the term translates literally as “power to the people”

A

democracy

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28
Q

a form of democracy in which the eligible voters meet together to discuss issues and make their decisions

A

direct democracy

29
Q

a form of democracy in which voters elect representatives to meet together to discuss issues and make discissions on their behalf

A

representative democracy

30
Q

the concept that birth (and residence or naturalization) in a country imparts basic rights

A

citizenship

31
Q

the idea that everyone has the same basic rights by virtue of being born in a country (or by immigrating and becoming a naturalized citizen)

A

universal citizenship

32
Q

a form of government in which an individual has seized power

A

dictatorship

33
Q

a form of government in which a small group of individuals holds power; the rule of the many by the few

A

oligarchy

34
Q

a form of government that exerts almost total control over people

A

totalitarianism

35
Q

indifference and inaction on the pat of individuals or groups with respect to the political process

A

voter apathy

36
Q

a group of people who support a particular issue and who can be mobilized for political action

A

special-interest group

37
Q

people who influence legislation o behalf of their clients

A

lobbyists

38
Q

an organization formed by one or more special-interest groups to solicit and spend funds for the purpose of influencing legislation

A

political action committee

39
Q

a condition of lawlessness or political disorder caused by the absence or collapse of governmental authority

A

anarchy

40
Q

the diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of the government

A

pluralism

41
Q

the separation of powers among the three branches of U.S. government - legislative, executive, and judicial - so that each is able to nullify the actions of the other two, thus preventing any single branch from dominating the government

A

checks and balances

42
Q

the unequal access of men and women to property, power, and prestige

A

gender stratification

43
Q

a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

A

polygyny

44
Q

a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband

A

polyandry

45
Q

a person married to more than one spouse at a time

A

polygamy

46
Q

two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

A

family

47
Q

people who occupy the same housing unit

A

household

48
Q

a family consisting of a husband, wife, and children

A

nuclear family

49
Q

a family in which relatives, such as the “older generation” or unmarried aunts and unless, live with the parents and their children

A

extended family

50
Q

the family in which a person grows up

A

family of orientation

51
Q

a family formed when a couple’s first child is born

A

family of procreation

52
Q

a group’s approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort

A

marriage

53
Q

the practice of marrying within one’s own group

A

endogamy

54
Q

the practice of marrying outside of one’s group

A

exogamy

55
Q

the rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives

A

incest taboo

56
Q

how kinship is traced over the generations

A

system of descent

57
Q

a system of reckoning descent that counts both the mother’s and father’s side

A

bilineal system (of descent)

58
Q

a system of reckoning descent that counts only the father’s side

A

patrilineal system (of descent)

59
Q

a system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother’s side

A

matrilineal system (of descent)

60
Q

men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group; authority is vested in males

A

patriarchy

61
Q

a society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group; authority is vested in females

A

matriarchy

62
Q

authority more or less equally divided between people or groups

A

egalitarian

63
Q

the tendency of people with similar characteristics marry one another

A

homogamy

64
Q

style of parenting where parents are overly focused on their children

A

helicopter parents

65
Q

an emphasis on male strength and dominance

A

machismo

66
Q

a family whose members were one part of other families

A

blended families

67
Q

a Supreme Court case that held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite-sex couples

A

Obergfell v. Hodges

68
Q

civil rights decision of Supreme Court that the Court ruled laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

A

Loving v. Virginia

Sociology (10 decks)

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