Chapters 10 - 12 Terms

Question 1

biological characteristics that distinguish female and males consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 1

sex

Question 2

the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity

Answer 2

gender

Question 3

men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group; authority is vested in males

Answer 3

patriarchy

Question 4

the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this principle

Answer 4

feminism

Question 5

the most invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

Answer 5

glass ceiling

Question 6

the abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone

Answer 6

sexual harassment

Question 7

attempts or assaults to commit rape by force or threat of force

Answer 7

forcible rape

Question 8

sexual assault committed by an acquaintance, date, or other person known to the victim

Answer 8

date rape

Question 9

the maximum length of life of a species, for humans, the longest that a human has lived

Answer 9

life span

Question 10

the number of years that an average person at any age, including newborns, can expect to live

Answer 10

life expectancy

Question 11

the growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population

Answer 11

graying of America

Question 12

prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age; can be directed against any age group, including youth

Answer 12

ageism

Question 13

people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together

Answer 13

age cohort

Question 14

the view that society is stabilized by having the elderly retire their positions of responsibility so the younger generation can step into their shoes

Answer 14

disengagement theory

Question 15

the view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person’s amount and quality of activity

Answer 15

activity theory

Question 16

a theory focusing on how many people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives

Answer 16

continuity theory

Question 17

the exercise of power, leadership, influence, and authority

Answer 17

politics

Question 18

the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others

Answer 18

power

Question 19

power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power

Answer 19

authority

Question 20

power that people do not accept as rightly exercised over them; also called illegitimate power

Answer 20

coercion

Question 21

a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory; commonly known as a country

Answer 21

state

Question 22

authority based on a custom

Answer 22

traditional authority

Question 23

authority based on law or written rules and regulations, also called bureaucratic authority

Answer 23

rational-legal authority

Question 24

authority based on an individual’s outstanding traits, which attract followers

Answer 24

charismatic authority

Question 25

an independent city whose power radiates outward, bringing the adjacent area under its rule

Answer 25

city-state

Question 26

a form of government headed by a king or queen

Answer 26

monarchy

Question 27

a government whose authority comes from the people; the term translates literally as "power to the people"

Answer 27

democracy

Question 28

a form of democracy in which the eligible voters meet together to discuss issues and make their decisions

Answer 28

direct democracy

Question 29

a form of democracy in which voters elect representatives to meet together to discuss issues and make discissions on their behalf

Answer 29

representative democracy

Question 30

the concept that birth (and residence or naturalization) in a country imparts basic rights

Answer 30

citizenship

Question 31

the idea that everyone has the same basic rights by virtue of being born in a country (or by immigrating and becoming a naturalized citizen)

Answer 31

universal citizenship

Question 32

a form of government in which an individual has seized power

Answer 32

dictatorship

Question 33

a form of government in which a small group of individuals holds power; the rule of the many by the few

Answer 33

oligarchy

Question 34

a form of government that exerts almost total control over people

Answer 34

totalitarianism

Question 35

indifference and inaction on the pat of individuals or groups with respect to the political process

Answer 35

voter apathy

Question 36

a group of people who support a particular issue and who can be mobilized for political action

Answer 36

special-interest group

Question 37

people who influence legislation o behalf of their clients

Answer 37

lobbyists

Question 38

an organization formed by one or more special-interest groups to solicit and spend funds for the purpose of influencing legislation

Answer 38

political action committee

Question 39

a condition of lawlessness or political disorder caused by the absence or collapse of governmental authority

Answer 39

anarchy

Question 40

the diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of the government

Answer 40

pluralism

Question 41

the separation of powers among the three branches of U.S. government - legislative, executive, and judicial - so that each is able to nullify the actions of the other two, thus preventing any single branch from dominating the government

Answer 41

checks and balances

Question 42

the unequal access of men and women to property, power, and prestige

Answer 42

gender stratification

Question 43

a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

Answer 43

polygyny

Question 44

a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband

Answer 44

polyandry

Question 45

a person married to more than one spouse at a time

Answer 45

polygamy

Question 46

two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Answer 46

family

Question 47

people who occupy the same housing unit

Answer 47

household

Question 48

a family consisting of a husband, wife, and children

Answer 48

nuclear family

Question 49

a family in which relatives, such as the "older generation" or unmarried aunts and unless, live with the parents and their children

Answer 49

extended family

Question 50

the family in which a person grows up

Answer 50

family of orientation

Question 51

a family formed when a couple's first child is born

Answer 51

family of procreation

Question 52

a group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort

Answer 52

marriage

Question 53

the practice of marrying within one's own group

Answer 53

endogamy

Question 54

the practice of marrying outside of one's group

Answer 54

exogamy

Question 55

the rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives

Answer 55

incest taboo

Question 56

how kinship is traced over the generations

Answer 56

system of descent

Question 57

a system of reckoning descent that counts both the mother's and father's side

Answer 57

bilineal system (of descent)

Question 58

a system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side

Answer 58

patrilineal system (of descent)

Question 59

a system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother's side

Answer 59

matrilineal system (of descent)

Question 60

men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group; authority is vested in males

Answer 60

patriarchy

Question 61

a society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group; authority is vested in females

Answer 61

matriarchy

Question 62

authority more or less equally divided between people or groups

Answer 62

egalitarian

Question 63

the tendency of people with similar characteristics marry one another

Answer 63

homogamy

Question 64

style of parenting where parents are overly focused on their children

Answer 64

helicopter parents

Question 65

an emphasis on male strength and dominance

Answer 65

machismo

Question 66

a family whose members were one part of other families

Answer 66

blended families

Question 67

a Supreme Court case that held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite-sex couples

Answer 67

Obergfell v. Hodges

Question 68

civil rights decision of Supreme Court that the Court ruled laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 68

Loving v. Virginia