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Sociology > Chapters 13 - 14 Terms > Flashcards

Chapters 13 - 14 Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work

A

Credential society

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2
Q

Laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school

A

Mandatory education laws

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3
Q

Privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life; diluted are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grades, and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs, and higher earnings

A

Cultural capital

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4
Q

The intended beneficial consequences of people’s actions

A

Manifest functions

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5
Q

The unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions

A

Latent functions

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6
Q

The process of transmitting values from one group to another; often refers to how cultural traits are transmitted across generations; in education, the ways in which schools transmit a society’s culture, especially its core values

A

Cultural transmission of values

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7
Q

Helping people to become part of the mainstream of society; also called mainstreaming

A

Inclusion

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8
Q

A function of education - funneling people into a society’s various positions

A

Social placement

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9
Q

The process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; also known as social placement

A

Gatekeeping

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10
Q

The sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities

A

Tracking

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11
Q

The unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms

A

Hidden curriculum

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12
Q

Robert Merton’s term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

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13
Q

Higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning

A

Grade inflation

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14
Q

Passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials

A

Social promotion

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15
Q

Refers to high school graduates who have difficulty with basic reading and math

A

Functional illiteracy

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16
Q

Durkheim’s term for things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect

A

Sacred

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17
Q

Durkheim’s term for common elements of everyday life

A

Profane

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18
Q

According to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community

A

Religion

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19
Q

According to Durkheim, one of the three essential elements of religion - a moral community of believers; also refers to a large, highly organized religious group that has formal, sedate worship services with little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conversion

A

Church

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20
Q

Teaching or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world

A

Cosmology

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21
Q

A sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God

A

Religious experience

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22
Q

A term describing Christians who have undergone a religious experience so life transforming that they feel they have become new persons

A

Born again

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23
Q

Ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, observances or rites often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred

A

Rituals

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24
Q

The transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

A

Modernization

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25
Q

Weber’s term for the desire to accumulate capital - not to spend it, but as an end in itself - and to constantly reinvest it

A

Spirit of capitalism

26
Q

Weber’s term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work

A

Protestant ethic

27
Q

A new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion

A

Cult

28
Q

Literally, someone to whom God has given a gift; in its extended sense, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers

A

Charismatic leader

29
Q

A religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility form and toward a society

A

Sect

30
Q

A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion

A

Ecclesia

31
Q

An observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically population grows geometrically

A

Malthus theorem

32
Q

A pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, showing a steep acceleration in the later stages

A

Exponential growth curve

33
Q

A three-stage historical process of change in the size of populations: first, high birth rates and high death rates; second: high birth rates and low death rates; third: low birth rates and low death rates; a fourth stage of population shrinkage in which deaths outnumber births had made its appearance in the Most Industrialized Nations

A

Demographic transition

34
Q

The process by which a country’s population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate

A

Population shrinkage

35
Q

A graph that represents the age and sex of a population

A

Population pyramid

36
Q

The three factors that change the size of a population: fertility, mortality, and net migration

A

Demographic variables

37
Q

The number of children that the average women bears

A

Fertility rate

38
Q

The number of children that women are capable of bearing

A

Fecundity

39
Q

The annual number of live births per 1,000 population

A

Crude birth rate

40
Q

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 population

A

Crude death rate

41
Q

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population

A

Net migration rate

42
Q

The growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration

A

Basic demographic equation

43
Q

The net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration; can result in a negative number

A

Growth rate

44
Q

Women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population

A

Zero population growth

45
Q

An urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs

A

Megalopolis

46
Q

A city of ten million or more residents

A

Megacity

47
Q

A merging of megacities and nearby populated areas into an even larger mass of people

A

Megaregion

48
Q

A central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it

A

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

49
Q

A large clustering service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there

A

Edge city

50
Q

Middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes

A

Gentrification

51
Q

The migration of people from the city to the suburbs

A

Suburbanize

52
Q

Robert Park’s term for the relationship between people and their environment (such as land and structures); also known as urban ecology

A

Human ecology

53
Q

The process of one group of people displacing another group whose racial-ethic or social class characteristics differ from their own

A

Invasion-succession cycle

54
Q

A decision by the officers of a financial institution not to make loans in a particular area

A

Redlining

55
Q

The withdrawal of investments by financial institutions, which seals the fate of an urban area

A

Disinvestment

56
Q

The process of industries moving out of a country or region

A

Deindustrialization

57
Q

Discuss the three sociological paradigms as they relate to education

A

Functionalism relates to education by serving several functions for societies, such as: socialization, social integration, social placement, and social and cultural innovation.

Conflict theory relates to education by promoting social inequality because schools differ in their funding and learning conditions, leading to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.

Symbolic interaction is relates to education by focusing on social interaction in the classroom, on the playground, and in other school venues.

58
Q

Discuss Sir Ken Robinson’s 2010 presentation on the state of education

A

Sir Ken Robinson’s 2010 presentation on the state of education is that education should enable young people to engage with the world within them as well as the world around them. In Western cultures, there is a firm distinction between the two worlds, between thinking and feeling, objectivity and subjectivity.

59
Q

Discuss the three sociological paradigms as they relate to religion

A

Functionalism relates to religion by providing several functions for society, such as: giving meaning and purpose to life, reinforcing social unity and stability, serving as an agent of social control of behavior, promoting physical and psychological well-being, and motivating people to work for positive social change.

Conflict theory relates to religion by reinforcing and promoting social inequality and social conflict.

Symbolic interaction is relates to religion by focusing on the ways in which individuals interpret their religious experiences.

60
Q

Discuss the fundamental differences between the New-Malthusians and the Anti-Malthusians

A

New-Malthusian theory predicts that there is a limit to human population size, while the Anti-Malthusian theory predicts that there is no limit to population size.

61
Q

Describe three sociological topics you found interesting, surprising, or both during the semester

A

Three sociological topics I found interesting were roles within a family depending on sex, the differences between gender and sex, and looking at the United States in a sociological perspective.

Sociology (10 decks)

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