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Sociology > Chapters 4-6 Vocabulary Terms > Flashcards

Chapters 4-6 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another, usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

A

Macrosociology

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2
Q

analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction, typically used by symbolic interactionists

A

microsociology

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3
Q

one person’s actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another’s presence, but also includes communications at a distance

A

social interaction

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4
Q

the framework of society that surrounds us; consists of the way that people and groups are related to one another; this framework gives direction to and sets limits on our behavior

A

social structure

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5
Q

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who on the means of production or workers who sell their labor

A

social class

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6
Q

the position that someone occupies in a social group (also called social status)

A

status

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7
Q

all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

A

status set

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8
Q

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntary later in life

A

ascribed status

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9
Q

positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual’s part

A

achieved status

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10
Q

indicators of a status; items that display prestige

A

status symbol

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11
Q

a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

A

master status

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12
Q

ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others; also called status discrepancy

A

status inconsistency

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13
Q

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

A

role

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14
Q

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

A

group

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15
Q

the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

A

social institution

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16
Q

the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

A

social integration

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17
Q

The splitting of a group’s or a society’s tasks into specialties

A

division of labor

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18
Q

A type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

A

gemeinschaft

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19
Q

a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest

A

gesellschaft

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20
Q

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing; positive or negative; overgeneralized: applies to all members of a group

A

stereotype

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21
Q

people’s efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

A

impression management

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22
Q

places where people give performances

A

front stages

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23
Q

places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances

A

back stages

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24
Q

the ways in which someone performs a role; showering a particular “style” or “personality”

A

role performance

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25
Q

conflict that someone feels between roles because the expectations attaches to one role are at odds with those attached to another role

A

role conflict

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26
Q

techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour

A

face-saving behavior

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27
Q

the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life

A

ethnomethodology

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28
Q

a deeply embedded, common understand of how the world operates and how people ought to act

A

background assumption

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29
Q

William I and Dorothy S. Thomas’ classic formulation of the definition of the situation: “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

A

Thomas theorem

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30
Q

the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real

A

social construction of reality

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31
Q

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

A

group

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32
Q

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

A

aggregate

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33
Q

people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

A

category

34
Q

a small group characterized by cooperative, intimate, long-term, face-to-face relationships

A

primary group

35
Q

a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

A

secondary group

36
Q

groups made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships and voluntary organizations

A

voluntary associations

37
Q

Robert Michel’s term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite

A

the iron law of oligarchy

38
Q

a group toward which one feels loyalty

A

in-group

39
Q

a group toward which one feel antagonism

A

out-group

40
Q

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

A

reference group

41
Q

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

A

social network

42
Q

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

A

clique

43
Q

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records

A

bureaucracy

44
Q

the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation

A

mcdonaldization of society

45
Q

an organization replacing old goals with new ones; also known as goal replacement

A

goal displacement

46
Q

Marx’s term for workers’ lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product - this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something

A

alienation

47
Q

ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person’s behaving in ways that match the stereotype

A

self-fulfilling stereotype

48
Q

stereotypes of the traits that make for high-performing and underperforming workers, which end up producing both types of workers

A

“hidden” corporate culture

49
Q

efforts to minimize conflict among people of different backgrounds, to enhance their understanding of their contrasting backgrounds, and to promote their cooperation in reaching mutual goals; often in a work setting

A

diversity training

50
Q

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the way sin which groups influence individuals

A

group dynamics

51
Q

a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members

A

small group

52
Q

the smallest possible group, consisting of two people

A

dyad

53
Q

a group of three people

A

triad

54
Q

the violation of norms

A

deviance

55
Q

“blemishes” that discredit a person’s claim to a “normal” identity

A

stigma

56
Q

the violation of norms written into law

A

crime

57
Q

a group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

A

social order

58
Q

a group’s formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

A

social control

59
Q

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence

A

negative sanction

60
Q

an expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize

A

positive sanction

61
Q

inborn tendencies

A

genetic predisposition

62
Q

crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary

A

street crime

63
Q

the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms

A

personality disorders

64
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s term in indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an “excess of definitions” of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant

A

differential association

65
Q

the idea that two control systems - inner controls and outer controls - work against our tendencies to deviate

A

control theory

66
Q

a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone’s self by stripping away that individual’s self identity and stamping a new identity in its place

A

degradation ceremony

67
Q

the view that the labels people are given affect both how they perceive themselves and how others perceive them, which channels their behavior toward either deviance or conformity

A

labeling theory

68
Q

ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize) society’s norms

A

techniques of neutralization

69
Q

the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve

A

cultural goals

70
Q

approved ways of reaching cultural goals

A

institutionalized means

71
Q

robert merton’s term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal

A

strain theory

72
Q

opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life

A

illegitimate opportunity structure

73
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations

A

white-collar crime

74
Q

crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

A

corporate crime

75
Q

the system of police, courts, prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime

A

criminal justice system

76
Q

the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested

A

recidivism rate

77
Q

the death penalty

A

capital punishment

78
Q

the killing of several victims in three or more separate events

A

serial murder

79
Q

the practice of police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter

A

police discretion

80
Q

to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

A

medicalized of deviance

Sociology (10 decks)

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