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Immunology > Chapters 5 > Flashcards

Chapters 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • Nonspecific
  • Defenses against infection that are ready for immediate activation prior ro attack by a pathogen
  • Rapid
  • Includes physical, chemical, & cellular barriers
  • Activation of Phagocytes
  • Inflammation
  • Works with adaptive
  • Antibody Independent
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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Acquired
  • Induced by exposure to microbes & counters infection with a SPECIFIC response with B & T cells
  • Memory
  • Anitbody Dependent
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3
Q

PRRs can detect what?

A
  • Aging cells
  • Dead cells
  • Damaged cells
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4
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

A
  • Sugar, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, or a combination
  • PAMP binding immoblizes infectious organism
  • May lead tophagocytosis
  • PRR engagement leads to host activation
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5
Q

Endotoxin

A

LPS on gram-negative bacteria

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6
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Recognized by NOD proteins

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7
Q

What receptors recognize Peptidoglycan & LPS?

A

TLR 2 & TLR 4

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8
Q

TLRs

A

Toll-Like Receptors

  • Mediate recognition of diverse pathogens
  • Cytokine activation
  • Promote Inflammation
  • Recruit WBCs
  • Scavenger Receptors
  • Opsonins
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9
Q

Opsonins

A

Any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response

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10
Q

Scavenger Receptors

A
  • Involved in binding modified low-density lipoproteins, some polysaccharides, and some nucleic acids
  • Internalization of bacteria & phagocytosis of host cells
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11
Q

MICA & MICB

A

Stress signals on cancer cells

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12
Q

Soluble Defense Mechanisms

A
  • Protection from viral infection
  • Lytic destruction of microbes
  • Increasing susceptibilty of microbes to ingestion by phagocytes
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13
Q

Type I Interferons (IFNs)

A
  • Soluble means of self defense
  • IFN-alpha produced by dendritic cells
  • IFN-beta produced by non-leukocytes, such as fibroblasts
  • Produced in response to viral infections
  • induce both antiviral & apoptotic pathways
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14
Q

Microcidal Molecules

A
  • Cysteine-Rich Peptides = defensins
    • Form channels in cell membranes of bacteria

Neutrophils are defensin-rich

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15
Q

The Complement System

A

A group of serum proteins circulating in inactive form

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16
Q

Outcomes once the Complement System is activated

A
  • Target cell membrane lysis
  • Inflammation
  • Chemotaxis
  • Opsonization to enhance phagocytosis
  • Clear immune complexes from circulation
  • Secretion of immunoregulatory molecules
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17
Q

Complement Activation

A
  1. Alternative Pathway (Innate Immunity)
  2. Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL) Pathway (Innate Immunity)
  3. Classical Pathway (Adaptive Immunity)
18
Q

The Terminal or Lytic Pathway

A
  • Entered from alternative, MBL, or classical pathway
  • Attachement of C5b to bacterial membranes initiates membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • MAC = cell lysis
  • Unregulated flow of electrolytes
19
Q

Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL) Pathway

A
  • Lectins are proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates
  • Activated by MBL binding to mannose-containing residues of glycoproteins on certain microbes
  • Can interact with MBL-activated serine protease (MASP)
20
Q

Anaphylotoxins

A
  • Attract & activate different types of leukocytes
  • Small fragments
  • C5a > C3a >= C4a
21
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Secreted by WBCs & other cells
  • Involved in innate, adaptive, & inflammation
  • Antigen-nonspecific
22
Q

Chemokines

A
  • Subgroup of cytokines
  • Involved in chemotaxis of WBCs
23
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

A

Acts on Vascular Endothelium

24
Q

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

A

Acts on Liver

25
Q

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) [Chemokine]

A

Acts on Vascular Endothelium

26
Q

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

A

Acts on NK Cells

27
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)

A

Acts on Vascular Endothelium

28
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfment & degradation of molecules

29
Q

Destruction of Ingested Microbes by

A
  • Lysosomal hydrolases
  • Toxic Oxygen Species
  • Nitrous Oxide
  • Low pH
30
Q

Secretion of IL-1 & IL-6

A

Elevate temperature

31
Q

Secretion of TNF-alpha

A

Increase vascular permeability

32
Q

Secretion of IL-8 & IL-12

A

Attract & activate WBCs (Neutrophils & NK Cells)

33
Q

NK Cells Responses

A
  • Binding KAR to MICA & MICB generates a kill signal
  • KIR assesses MHC-I on target
34
Q

Early Components of Inflammation include:

A
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Recruitment of neutrophils & other lwukocytes fromthe blood to the site of damage/infection
35
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A
  • Pain
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Loss of Function
36
Q

Cell Types of the Innate Immunity

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic Cells
  • NK Cells
37
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Reactive oxygen & nitrogen species
  • Antimicrobial peptides
38
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Inflammatoy mediators
  • Antigen Presentation
  • Reactive oxygen & nitrogen species
  • Cytokines
  • Complement proteins
39
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • Antigen presentation
  • Costimulatory signals
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Interferon
  • Cytokines
40
Q

NK Cells

A
  • Lysis of viral-infected cells
  • Interferon
  • Macrophage activation

Immunology (11 decks)

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