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Immunology > Chapter 13 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Adhesion Molecules (Families)

A
  • Selectins
  • Addressins
  • Integrins
  • Immunoglobulin Supergene Family
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2
Q

Adhesion Molecules

A

Their cell surface expression is upregulated or down regulated depending on the nature of the stimulatory signal & serves to bind or glue cells together temporarily.

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3
Q

Extravasation

A

A 4 step process where leukocytes migrate out of the blood vessels to underlying sites of inflammation.

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4
Q

4 Steps of Extravasation:

A
  1. Rolling adhesion
  2. Tight binding
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Migration
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5
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

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6
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

Does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

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7
Q

Viruses

A
  • Small infectious agents that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
  • Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
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8
Q

Extracellular Bacteria

A

These organisms, once they are within the host, are constantly exposed to humoral host defenses (complement & antibodies) as well as becoming prey for phagoctes.

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9
Q

Extracellular Bacteria Examples:

A
  • Staphylococcus
  • Streptococcus
  • Neisseria
  • Bordetella
  • Yersinia
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10
Q

Intracellular Bacteria

A

Pathogenic bacteria that normally invade human cells.

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11
Q

Intracellular Bacteria Examples:

A
  • Mycobacteria
  • Shigella
  • Salmonella
  • Listeria
  • Rickettsia
  • E. coli (can be both intra- & extracellular)
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12
Q

Protozoa

A

Can be either extracellular or intracellular within the host.

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13
Q

Fungi

A

Can trigger various immune responses, including the production of high levels of specific antifungal antibodies.

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14
Q

Worms

A
  • Flatworms & Roundworms
  • IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivites & cell-mediated DTH responses create inflammation at the site of infection that may disrupt or inhibit the anchoring of these worms to tissues such as the intestinal epithelium.
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15
Q

Evasion

A

Strategies to slip by the surveillance of the host immune system.

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16
Q

Evasive Techniques

A
  • Genetic Drift
  • Genetic Shift
17
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • The change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.
  • Accounts for the frequent changes that occur in the influenza virus from on “flu season” to the next & for the high antigenic diversity that is found among HIV isolates within a single infected individual.
18
Q

Genetic Shift

A
  • Also seen in the influenza virus.
  • Occurs when influenze viruses from different species infect the same cell.
19
Q

Disruption

A

Various infectious agents secrete products that interfere with the immune responses generated against them.

20
Q

Destruction

A

The ultimate act of resistence by an infectious agent against a host immune system is to destroy it.

21
Q

Inflammation

A

Not a singular event; it is the composite of multiple immune responses elicited against a particular stimulus.

22
Q

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

A
  • Readily binds to phosphocholine (a molecule expressed on some microbes) & acts as an opsonin.
  • It is one of a set of serum proteins known as acute phase proteins that inhibit the spread of infectious organisms & also include complement components, type I interferons, fibronectin, & protease inhibitors.
23
Q

Fever

A

Defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body’s temperature set-point.

24
Q

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

A

The part of the immune system associated with the mucosal surfaces is often thought of as a separate & independent part of the overall immune system.

25
Q

Parenteral

A

The immune system functioning in nonmucosal tissues, is sometimes referred to as the parenteral or IFN-gamma MALT contains secondary lymphoid structures with lymphoid follicles that are comparable to the spleen & lymph nodes of the parenteral system.

26
Q

Intestinal Epithelium

A

The cells of the intestinal epithelium are not only capable of certain immune functions, but also include specialized M cells that participate in sampling antigens within the intestinal lumen & infiltrating intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELS)

27
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Lying below th epithelium, contains Peyer’s patches & a large collection of B & T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, & other leukocytes.

28
Q

Types of Vaccines

A
  • Live
  • Attenuated
  • Killed
  • Extract
  • Recombinant
  • DNA
29
Q

Live Vaccines

A

Based on living organisms capable of normal infection & repliction.

30
Q

Attenuated Vaccines

A

Based on organisms that are living but have had their virulence & ability to replicate reduced by treatment with heat, chemicals, or other techniques.

31
Q

Killed Vaccines

A

Include organisms that are dead because of treatment with physical or chemical agents.

32
Q

Extract Vaccines

A

Do not contain whole organisms but are composed of material isolated from disrupted & lysed organisms but not whole organisms.

33
Q

Recombinant Vaccines

A

Made possible by biology techniques that allow creation of organisms from which the removal of certain genes impairs their virulence and/or reproduction.

34
Q

DNA Vaccines

A

The host is injected with naked DNA extracted from a pathogen.

35
Q

Adjuvants

A

Bacterial components or other substances, typically suspended in a medium such as oil that prolongs their dispersal into the tissues, administered together with vaccines to heighten the effectiveness of the vaccination.

36
Q

DTP

A

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis

37
Q

BCG

A

Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin

Immunology (11 decks)

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