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Immunology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s 3rd line of defense

A

Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

Key players of Adaptive Immunity

A
  • B Cells
  • T Cells
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3
Q

Lymphoid Cells

A
  • B Lymphocytes
  • T Lymphocytes
  • NK Cells
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4
Q

Lymphocytes Appearance

A

Lymphocytes appear very similar, but different sets carry different cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules on their surface

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5
Q

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A
  • Synthesized by B cells
  • Synthesized & Secreted by Plasma Cells
  • Antibodies
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6
Q

Antibody

A
  • Ig with specficity for epitope on antigen
  • Non-covalently bind antigens to immoblixe them or tag them for destruction
  • Important in HUMORAL immunity
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7
Q

Effector Cells

A

Carry out specific functions to combat pathogen

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8
Q

Memory Cells

A

Persist in host, & upon re-challenge with same antigen, mediate immune response quicker & stronger than initial encounter

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9
Q

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) [Types]

A
  • Plasma Cells
  • Memory B Cells
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10
Q

Plasma Cells

A
  • Produce antibody in a form that can be secreted & have little or no membrane-bound antibody
  • Short-lived
  • Effector Cells
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11
Q

Memory B Cells

A
  • Express membrane-bound antibody as parent B Cell
  • Long Lived
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12
Q

Basic Structure of Antibodies

A
  • 2 Identical Heavy (H) Chains
  • 2 Identical Light (L) Chains
  • A Variable (V) Region
  • A Constant (C) Region
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13
Q

Variable (V) Region

A

Antigen-Binding sites

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14
Q

Constant (C) Region

A

Limited variation in amino acid sequence

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15
Q

Enzymes that cleave Antibodies

A
  • Papain - Fc
  • Pepsin - F(ab)2
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16
Q

5 Immunoglobulin Isotypes

A
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
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17
Q

IgG

A
  • Most Abundant Class in Serum
  • 2 gamma heavy chains & 2 kappa OR 2 lambda light chains
  • Most abundant in secondary response
  • IgG3 is most effective complement activator
  • IgG4 is NOT able to activate complement
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18
Q

IgM

A
  • Serum Ig
  • Monomeric is membrane-bound on B cells
  • Secreted as a Pentamer
  • First Ig produced in primary response
  • Complement Activator
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19
Q

IgA

A
  • Serum Ig
  • Predominant Ig in external secretions
  • Exists primarily as monomer, but polymer can form (Dimer)
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20
Q

IgE

A
  • Allergies
  • Highly specialized toward recruiting effector functions of mast cells in epithelium, activated eosinophils present at mucosal surfaces, & basophils in blood
  • Mediate Hypersensitivity reactions
21
Q

IgD

A
  • Together with IgM, is the major membrane-bound Ig expressed by mature B cells
22
Q

Classical Pathway of Complement Activation

A
  • Antigen-Antibody interaction
    • begins with activation of C1
  • Membrane attack complex
  • C3b - increase opsonization
  • Produce C3a, C5a, C4a
23
Q

Opsonization

A

C3b receptors on surface of many phagocytes

24
Q

Chemotaxis

A
  • C5a & C5, C6, C7 complex attract neutrophils
  • C5a also enhance neutrophil adhesion
25
Q

Anaphylatoxin

A

C3a, C4a, & C5a cause degranulation of mast cells with release of mediators

26
Q

Cytolysis

A
  • Insertion of C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9 complex into cell membrane leads to lysis of many cells
  • MAC
27
Q

Enhancement of Antibody Production

A

Binding of C3b to its receptors on surface of activated B cells

28
Q

Major Histocompatibility Molecules (MHC)

A
  • Also called Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex
  • Self-Proteins
  • cell membrane proteins
  • Leads to transplant rejection
29
Q

MHC I

A
  • Expressed by nearly all nucleated cells of vertebrate species
    • Associates with beta2 microglobulin (beta2m)
    • Associates with CD8 / cytotoxic T cells
  • Presents antigens from intracellular pathogens
30
Q

MHC II

A
  • Expressed only by Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
    • Dendritic Cells
    • Macrophages
    • B Cells
  • Associates with CD4 / T helper cells
  • Presents antigens from extracellular pathogens
31
Q

T Cell Receptors (TCRs)

A
  • alpha-beta OR gamma-delta polypeptide pair
    • alpha-beta TCR characterized by high degree of specificity
  • TCR is associated with CD3
  • Cannot bind soluble epitopes, only fragments
32
Q

TCR vs. BCR

A
  1. TCR is always membrane-bound
  2. Antigen-binding interaction of TCRs is weaker than that of antibodies
  3. Most TCRs are specific to anitgen combined with MHC, not to antigen itself
  4. TCR can’t bind soluble epitopes, ony fragments.
33
Q

Cytokines

A

Low molecular weight soluble protein messengers

  • Endocrine Action
  • Paracrine Action
  • Autocrine Action
34
Q

Chemokines

A

Chemoattractant cytokines

35
Q

Endocrine Action

A

Released into the bloodstream to effect distant cells

36
Q

Paracrine Action

A

Released to effect nearby cells

37
Q

Autocrine Action

A

Released, but then bind to receptors on the cell that produced them.

38
Q

Innate Immunity System Cytokines

A
  • IL-1
  • TNF-alpha
  • CXCL8
39
Q

Adaptive Immunity Cytokines

A
  • IL-2
  • IL-4 (Big in inflammation)
  • IL-17
40
Q

Adhesion Molecules

A

Provide stable cell-to-cell contact

  • Integrins
  • Selectins
  • Addressins
41
Q

Integrins

A

Strengthen contact between WBCs & many cell types (vascular epithelium)

42
Q

Selectins & Addressins

A

Limited in tissue distribution

43
Q

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Molecules

A
  • CD3
  • CD4
  • CD8
44
Q

CD3

A

Support TCR & initiate signal transduction

45
Q

CD4

A
  • Recognize non-peptide binding portion of MHC II
  • T helper cells
46
Q

CD8

A
  • Recognize non-peptide binding portion of MHC I
  • Cytotoxic T Cell
47
Q

Tyrosine Phosphorylation

A
  • An early step in many signaling pathways
  • CD3 (T Cells) & Igalpha/beta (B Cells) are phosphorylated on Immunoreceptor Tyrosine Activation Motifs (ITAMs)
48
Q

Signal Transduction Molecules

A
  • JAK-STAT Pathway
  • Ras-MAP Kinase Pathway

Immunology (11 decks)

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