Chapter 19 Terms (Tumor Immunity)

Question 1

Tumor

Answer 1

Neoplasm

• A collection of the clonal descendants of a cell whose growth has gone unchecked.

Question 2

Benign Tumor

Answer 2

A tumor that is not capable of indefinite growth & does NOT invade surrounding healthy tissue

Question 3

Malignant Tumor

Answer 3

Grow indefinitely & becomes INVASIVE

(Cancer refers specificlly to malignant tumors)

Question 4

Metastasis

Answer 4

Invades other areas of the body (Circulate)

Question 5

Carcinomas

Answer 5

Develop from endodermal or ectodermal tissues & constitute most malignant tumors, including cancers of the breast, colon, & lung.

Question 6

Sarcomas

Answer 6

Develop from bone & cartilage & have a much lower incidence than carcinomas

Question 7

Leukemias

Answer 7

Malignant cells of hematopoietic lineage that proliferate as individual cells.

Question 8

Lymphomas

Answer 8

Arise from amlignant hematopoietic cells but grow as solid tumors

Question 9

Oncogenes

Answer 9

Cancer-producing genes

Question 10

Malignant Transformation

Answer 10

Change from a normal cell to a tumor cell

Question 11

Initiation

Answer 11

1st step of malignant transformation, which changes the genome of the cell.

Question 12

Promotion

Answer 12

2nd step of malignant transformation, which results in stimulation of cell division.

Question 13

Stimulators of Cell Division

Answer 13

• Encode growth factors & growth factor receptors
• Uncontrolled cell proliferation

Question 14

Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Answer 14

Inhibitors of cell division

Question 15

Regulators of Apoptosis

Answer 15

Prevent or induce apoptosis

Question 16

Tumor-Specific Antigens (TSAs)

Answer 16

• Unique to tumor cells
• Induce a cell-mediated response by tumor specific CTLs

Question 17

Tumor-Associated Antigens (TAAs)

Answer 17

• Not unique to tumor cells
• May be proteins expressed during fetal development & not as adults or proteins expressed at higher levels on tumor cells

Question 18

Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells (LAKs)

Answer 18

• NK cells that attack malignant cells are cometimes referred to as LAKs.
• Increas IL-2

Question 19

Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)

Answer 19

• CD8⁺ CTLs
• CD4⁺ T cells
• NKT cells

Question 20

Cytokines

Answer 20

• Secreted by macrophages
• Have anti-tumor activity
  
  • TNF
  • IFNs

Question 21

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Answer 21

Antitumor cytokine

When secreted into animals with tumors, TNF-alph & TNF-beta can stimulate necrosis of the tumor cells

Question 22

Interferons

Answer 22

IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, & IFN-gamma have all been shown to increase MHC I expression on tumor cells (Which often downregulate MHC I expression to evade the immune response).

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

Generated against certain tumor-specific antigens

Question 24

CTLs

Answer 24

Sometimes kill tumor cells by direct contact

Question 25

DTH

Answer 25

Involve Th₁ cells recruiting & activating macrophages, which attack & kill tumors

Question 26

Cytokine Therapy

Answer 26

• Interleukins & Interferons
• Local Application

Question 27

Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 27

• Anti-idiotypic used to treat B cell lymphoma
• Customized = complex

Question 28

Cancer Vaccines

Answer 28

• Development from TSAs in melanoma
• Vaccines to stimulate immune responses

Question 29

Herceptin (trastuzumab)

Answer 29

Drug therapy used to treat HER2⁺ breast cancer

Question 30

HER2 Protein

Answer 30

Growth factor receptor that functions by dimerizing with other receptor chains & signaling by phosphorylation of tyrosine residues