Chapters 4-9 Flashcards
Amount of canadians that will die of cancer
1/4
Most common cancer
Breast
Frequency of mammagrams
2-3 years
Prostate Specific Antigen Test
Blood test for prostate cancer
2nd highest cause of cancer death
Colorectal
% that are moderately active
49%
Most inactive gender
Women
Needed amount of activity each week
150 min
5 stages of sleep
Theta waves
Sleep spindles and K complex waves
Delta waves (deep sleep)
Beta waves (REM sleep)
Ghrelin
Promotes appetite
Leptin
Signals fullness
Sleep apnea
Air pipe blockage that disrupts sleep
5 steps of behaviour change
Specify problem behaviour Gather baseline data Design modification program Execute program Evaluate effectiveness
Overt
Something we do or don’t do
Covert
Cognitions and emotions
3 things involved in self monitoring
Initial response level of problem behaviour
Antecedents
Consequences
Satiation
Reinforcer loses motivation power
Shaping
Reinforce closer and closer approximations to desired behaviours
% of teens that smoke regularly
10%
Experimenters
Smoke 5 or fewer cigarettes a day. Have protective factors to prevent them form smoking heavily
3 Neurotransmitters that enhance memory
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Vasopressin
Social Influence Intervention
Children smoke through modelling of others
Behavioural Inoculation
Exposure to a weak version of a persuasive message may help develop counterarguments so that a stronger version of the message can be successfully resisted
3 components to social influence intervention
Info on the negative effects is constructed to appeal to adolescents
Non smoker is conveyed as self-reliant and independent
Peer group used to facilitate non- smoking
2 ways to define stress
Environmental stimulus (stressor) Response to a stressor
Walter Cannon
SAM
SAM
Sympathetic NS
Endocrine System (Adrenal medulla)
Secretion of catecholamines that arouse body
Hans Selye
Father of stress response
Effects of prolonged stress– GAS model
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm– body is aroused and mobilized
Resistance– Adapts to stress, increased immunity
Exhaustion– Energy resources are depleted
Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenocortical System
Adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids to provide energy for fight or flight
Stress as a process
Continuous transactions between person and environment
Stress
Condition when person-environment transactions lead to a perceived discrepancy between situational demands and person’s biopsychosocial resources for coping with demands
Primary Appraisal
What does this event mean to me? (Good, bad, neutral)
Negative appraisal
Harm
Threat
Challenge
Secondary Appraisal
Are resources sufficient to meet demands of stressor
Coping
Efforts to manage perceived discrepancy between appraised demands and resources
Overt coping
Action oriented
Covert coping
Psychological processes
Problem focused coping
Control the stressful event. Reduce demands and increase resources
Emotion focused coping
Control our emotional response when we can’t change the situation
Rational Emotive Therapy
Stress results from irrational beliefs
Cognitive Restructuring
Reduce stress by changing irrational beliefs
ABCD Model
Activating the environmental event
Irrational Beliefs
Emotional consequences
Disputing beliefs and replacing them with rational beliefs
3 criticisms of the GAS model
Limited role of psychological factors
Assumes stress response is uniform
Says stress is an outcome not a process
Tend and Befriend
Humans respond to stress with social and nurturant behaviour– seek social support
Neurotransmitter released in tend and befriend
Oxytocin
Harm
Damage that has already been done by event
Threat
Possible future damage
Challenge
Potential to overcome or even profit from stress event
Allostatic Load
Accumulating adverse effects of stress in conjunction with pre- existing risks, on biological stress regulatory systems
Acute Stress Paradigm
Person goes through moderately stressful activities in a lab so that changes in emotional and physiological functioning can be assessed
Holmes and Rahe
Substantial adjustment to environment induces stress
Lazarus
Daily hassles scale
Role Conflict
Person receives conflicting info about work tasks and standards by different individuals
Stress Moderator
Modify how stress is experienced and the effect it has
Negative Affectivity
Chronic bad mood
Psychological Control
Belief you can determine your behaviour and bring about desired outcomes
Approach coping
Engage in cognitive/ emotional efforts to deal with long term threats
Avoidant Coping
Deal better with short- term threats
Emotional approach coping
Focusing on and working through emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressor
5 tasks of coping
Reduce harmful environmental conditions and enhance prospect of recovery
Tolerate or adjust to negative events
Maintain positive self image
Maintain emotional equilibrium
Continue satisfying relationships with others
Tangible assistance
Material support from others
Direct effects hypothesis
Social support is beneficial during both stressful and non stressful periods
Buffering hypothesis
Benefits are chiefly evident during periods of high stress
Dyadic coping
Interplay of stress experienced by one partner and the coping reactions of the other
Matching hypothesis
Match between one’s needs and what they receive from their social network
Mindfulness Based stress reduction
Training in meditation to help people self- regulate stress reactions and negative emotions
Secondary intervention
Stopping an illness after it develops
3 types of sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
5 psychological factors in perceiving symptoms
Focus of attention Cognitive set Expectations Emotions Prior learning
Cognitive set
More likely to perceive symptoms when your’e thinking of them
Illness schema
Representations allow us to extract meaning from symptoms
3 sources of illness representations
Semantic associations with disease names
Past experiences with different illnesses
Information from others
Lay referral network
Informal network of family and friends
Psychological reactance
We have a free set of behaviours we feel we have the ability and right to perform. When they are threatened or eliminated it causes psychological reactance
5 factors influencing the magnitude of psychological reactance
Magnitude of threat
Importance of free behaviour
Confidence that we possess free behaviour
Threat is perceived as unjustified or illegitimate
Available alternatives to threatened behaviour
Worried Well
Perceive minor symptoms as serious. Committed to self- care
Somaticizers
Express their psychological distress through bodily symptoms
Secondary Gains
Benefits from illness that reinforce it and prevent a person form returning to health
Appraisal delay
Time to decide if the symptom is serious
Illness delay
Time between recognition of illness and seeking treatment
Behavioural Delay
Time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing it
Nosocomial Infection
Results from exposure to disease in a hospital setting
Burnout
Emotional exhaustion, cynicism, low job self- efficacy
Nurse practitioner
RN that can order tests and prescribe drugs
