Chapters 4 & 5 Flashcards
What is a spontaneous movement?
Movements not caused by a known external stimuli
What is a reflexive movement?
A stereotypical response elicited by specific external stimuli
Involuntary movements that occur in response to stimuli are what type of movement?
Reflexive movements
If a reflexive movement is persistence past a certain age may indicate…
Neurological problems
What are the three categories of infantile reflexes?
1) Primitive reflexes
2) Postural reflexes
3) Locomotor reflexes
What are the purposes of reflexes?
Interaction with the environment, stimulates their senses, and contributes to developments
Provide building blocks for future movement can be defined as:
Reflexes
What are primitive reflexes?
Differ from spontaneous movement in that they are a response to a specific stimuli, they are localized, and the stimulus will elicit the same reflex over and over again
What is the stimulus, response, and purpose of the palmer grasp reflex?
S: Touch palm
R: Hand closes tightly
P: Likely creates motor pattern for grasping
What is the stimulus, response, and purpose of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?
S: Turn head to one side
R: Same-side and leg extend while the other side bends
P: Train muscle tone, hand-eye coordination, balance
What is the stimulus and response of the moro reflex?
S: Startle
R: Arms, legs, and fingers extend; then arms and legs flex; palms up
What is the stimulus and response of the labyrinthe righting reflex?
S: Tilt infant
R: Head moves to stay upright
What is the stimulus and response of the derotative righting reflex?
S: Turn head to one side
R: Body follows head in rotation, or trunk and head folow in rotation
These reflexes appear much earlier than the corresponding voluntary movements and typically disappear months before the infant actually attempts the voluntary skill
Locomotor Reflexes
What leads to the development of skilled locomotive patterns?
Motor milestones
What is a motor milestone?
A fundamental motor skill, the attainment of which is associated with the acquistion of later voluntary movements. The order in which an infant attains these milestones is relatively consistent, although the timing differs among individuals.
What 4 constraints impact motor milestones?
1) Maturation of the CNS
2) Development of muscular strength and endurance
3) Development of posture and balance
4) Improvement of sensory processesing
Individual constraints that inhibit or slow attainment of a motor skill are what?
Rate limiters
Motor development and early movement influence…
Social, perceptual, and cognitive development
What is locomotion?
Is the act of moving, or the capability to move, from place to place - a complex activity that involves many interacting systems and constraints
These types of movements occur when all four limbs are in contact with the supporting surface…
Creeping and crawling
What does creeping entail?
Moving on hands and knees
What does crawling entail?
Moving on hands and abdomen
Walking is defined as the following:
50% phasing between legs and period of double support (both feet on the ground) followed by a period of single support
Feet are out-toed, no trunk rotation, arms are high in guard are examples of what type of walking?
Early walking
When stability and balance are maximized over mobility, what kind of walking is this?
Early walking
Stride length increases, opposition of arms and legs occurs, out-toeing is reduced are examples of what type of walking?
Proficient walking
When stability is traded for mobility, what kind of walking is this?
Proficient walking
What are the two rate limiters in early walking?
- Legs must be able to move alternately and enough strength to support on a single limb
- Must be able to balance on one leg while transferring the weight to the other foot
Support time on the stance leg lengthens and velocity increases, which developmental change is this?
Early childhood development change
Stride length increases with fuller range of motion and pattern improvements are subtle, which developmental change is this?
Mid-adolescence developmental change
Stability is maximized, pelvic rotation decreases, and speed decreases, which developmental change is this?
Later adulthood developmental change
When does running typically occur?
Occurs 6-7 months after walking starts
How is running defined?
Like walking, it has a 50% phasing realtionship between legs; Unlike walking, running has a period of flight, during which neither foot is in contact with the ground
Stability over mobility, arms are in high guard, limited ROM, short stride length, and flat foot are examples of what type of running?
Early running
What are the rate limiters of early running?
Must have proficient strength in each leg to lift off the ground; once in the air, infants must catch themselves on the other foot and balance on that leg while shift their weight forward
Less stability and more mobility, increased stride length, narrow based support are examples of what type of running?
Proficient running
What are the rate controllers in later running?
Running requires greater generation of force and ability to balance than walking; Running form can continue to be refined
What are the early characteristics to early jumping?
Jumping only vertically, one-foot takeoff or landing, no or limited preparatory movements
What are the characteristics to proficient jumping?
Both feet leave the ground at the same time, arm swing during jump, can jump vertically and horizontally
What is the rate limiter in jumping?
Developments of enough force to bring own body into the air from a still postion
What are the characteristics of early hopping?
Support leg is lifted rather than used to project body, arms are inactive, swing leg is held rigidly in front of the body
What are the characteristics of proficient hopping?
Swing leg leads hip and moves through full range motion, support leg extends fully at the hip, oppostional arm movement, support leg is flexed for landing absorption
What are the developmental changes in hopping?
Nondominant leg is slower to development, adaptations of the neuromuscular system moderates the force of landing
What are the rate controllers in hopping?
Depends on the postural system’s ability to balance the body on one limb for a succession of hops; ability to generate enough force to lift the body with one limb, recover, and quickly generate enough force to hop again
What type of movement is a forward step on one foot and a leap on the other?
Gallop
What type of movement is a sideways step and a leap on the other?
Slide
Arrhythmic and stiff movements, little or no arm movements, little or no trunk rotation, and short strides are characteristics to what?
Early galloping, sliding, and skipping
The arms are no longer needed for balance, arms swing rhythmically in opposition to legs and provide momentum are two characteristics of what?
Proficient galloping, sliding, and skipping
In what order do sliding, skipping, and galloping emerge in developmental changes?
Galloping is the first to emerge, sliding is second, and skipping is usually the last to emerge
What is the most common rate limiter between galloping, sliding, and skipping?
Coordination
