Chapter 14

Question 1

What is involved in posture control and balance?

Answer 1

Involves visual, auditory, and kinesthetic input from proprioceptive and vestibular receptors

Question 2

Define contemporary research

Answer 2

Focuses on what strategies children use to maintain equilibrium in various situations and considers how balance strategies change over the life span.

Question 3

What is the difference between static balance and dynamic balance?

Answer 3

Static balance depends on sensory feedback while dynamic balance requires feedforward control of body segments

Question 4

What does the assaiante model include?

Answer 4

This model identifies four time periods:
- Birth to standing: cephalocaudal direction of muscle control
- Standing to 6 years: coordination of upper and lower body
- Age 7 years through adolescence: refinement of head stabilization
- Adulthood: refined control of degrees of freedom in the neck

Question 5

Learning how different frames of reference complement each other during movement can be defined as:

Answer 5

Task of childhood

Question 6

What are the balance changes with younger adults?

Answer 6

When on a movable platform, younger adults use ankle muscles to regain balance after small, slow perturbations
They use a hip strategy to regain balance after larger, faster perturbations

Question 7

What are the balance changes with older adults?

Answer 7

Older adults take longer to initiate a response to perturbation and sometimes use the oppisite pattern of younger adults

Question 8

What kind of changes contribute to balance difficulty in older adults?

Answer 8

• Changes in sensory receptors
• Loss of strength
• Arthritic conditions in joints
• Slower nerve conduction speed

Question 9

What are the fall prevention exercises for older adults?

Answer 9

1) Dorsiflexion (toe taps)
2) Plantarflexion (Calf raises)
3) Partial squats
4) Walking on the spot
5) Hip abduction
6) Hip extension/Glute contraction
7) Sit to stand