Chapter 8

Question 1

Define universitality.

Answer 1

Patterns that hold for all humans

Question 2

Define specificity.

Answer 2

Individual variation

Question 3

TorF: Interactions between constraints change during growth and aging

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the two phases that prenatal growth has?

Answer 4

1) Embryonic growth
2) Fetal growth

Question 5

When is embryonic dvelopment?

Answer 5

Conception to 8 weeks

Question 6

When is fetal development?

Answer 6

8 weeks to birth

Question 7

What is differentiation?

Answer 7

Is the process wherein cells become specialized

Question 8

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 8

Is an increase in the absolute number of cells

Question 9

What is plasticity?

Answer 9

Capability of taking on a new function - modifiability or malleability

Question 10

What are significant appearances/internal developments that occur during 8 weeks?

Answer 10

Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, toes formed, some sensory organ development beginning

Question 11

What are significant appearances/internal developments that occur during 12 weeks?

Answer 11

Can tell the sex, large head, brain configuration nearly complete

Question 12

What are significant appearances/internal developments that occur during 16 weeks?

Answer 12

Motor activity, trunk size gaingin on head size, heart muscle developed, sense organs formed

Question 13

How does the fetus obtain oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 13

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse between fetal and maternal blood in the placenta

Question 14

TorF: If nutrients or oxygen are limited, the mother will obtain all of the nutrients which can compromise the fetus.

Answer 14

False. If nutrients or oxygen are limited, the mother and fetus compete for them, which in the end can compromise the fetus.

Question 15

Can the source of abnormal fetal development be genetic or extrinsic?

Answer 15

Yes, it can be one or the other

Question 16

With genetics, what kind of issues can arise that cause abnormal fetal development?

Answer 16

• Can be dominant disorders (deffective or recessive genes)
• Can result from a mutation of a gene
• Effects on growth and maturation are variable

Question 17

With extrinsic (congenital defects), what kind of issues can arise that cause abnormal fetal development?

Answer 17

• Can affect the fetus through nourishment or physical environment
• Teratogens; any drugs or chemicals that cause abnormal prenatal development upon exposure
• Environmental factors include pressure, temperature, x and gamma rays, pollutants, etc.
• Many others

Question 18

What kind of growth occurs during post natal development?

Answer 18

Overall growth (both height and weight) follows a sigmoid (s-shaped) pattern

Question 19

When does peak height occur in females and when does it taper?

Answer 19

Peak height velocity occurs at 11.5 to 12 years old and tapers off between 14 to 16 years old

Question 20

When does peak height occur in males and when does it taper?

Answer 20

Peak height velocity occurs at 13.5 to 14 years old and tapers off vetween 17 to 18 years old