Chapters 1 & 3 Flashcards
What is motor development?
Refers to continuous, age-related process of change in movement as well as the interaction constraints (or factors) in the individual, environment, and task that drive these changes
What is motor learning?
Refer to the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
What is motor behaviour?
When we want to refer to both motor development and motor learning, use the term motor behaviour
What is motor control?
Is the study of the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of movement - understanding how the nervous system and movement abilities change with age expands our knowledge of motor control
What is physical growth?
Is an increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts
What is maturation?
Physiological maturation is a qualitative advance in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical compostition rather than to size alone
What is a constraint?
A characteristic of the individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others
What are individual contraints? Examples?
A persons unique physical and mental characteristics. Examples of this would be height, limb length, strength, and motivation
What are environmental constraints? Examples?
Are constraints related to the world around us. Examples of this would be the temperature, amount of light, humidity, and socioculture
What are task constraints?
Includes the goals and rules structure of a particular movement or activity - specific to the task
What are structural constraints?
Individual constraints related to the body’s structure - they change with growth/aging but they tend to change slowly overtime
What are functional constraints?
Are individual constraints related to behavioural function - motivation, fear, experiences, and attentional focus
How is the principle of motion and stability understood?
Principles of motion and stability act on all movements and movers. As movers become more proficient at skills, they often use these principles to their advantage
What is Newton’s first law of motion?
An object at rest stays at rest, or an object in motion stays in motion, until acted on by a force
What is Newton’s second law of motion?
The acceleration of a person or an object is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass
What is Newton’s third law of motion?
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - states that for every force you exert on an object, the object exerts an equal force back on you in the opposite direction
Why is it important that people throw using a movement pattern that is dictated by the shape and structure of the human body and limbs?
Children may execute the most efficient movement pattern for themselves given their body size, strength, posture, and experience. Adults will move differently because of the differences in structural and functional constraints.
Why is it important that we understand and apply the principles of motion and stability?
These principles help us determine which movement patterns are likely to produce optimal results. Knowledge of the principles helps us focus on critical asepcts if movement that often distinguish skilled movement patterns from unskilled ones.
How do you improve movement performance?
Individuals must find the optimal relationship between force and distance in a given moment
What is inertia?
Is the resistance to motion related mass
What is momentum?
Is the product of mass and velocity
When a force is exerted on an object, the object will what?
The object will accelerate in the direction of the force
If a ball is stationary on the field, it will stay at rest until what?
Until it is acted upon by a force
What must a child learn about intertia in the case of kicking a soccer ball?
The weight of the ball and the amount of force to hit the ball
What must a child learn about momentum in the case of kicking a soccer ball?
Following through after kicking the ball and the positioning of your foot to the ball in order to kick it correctly with more force
What is F = M x A?
Object’s force is related to mass and acceleration
What is A = F / M?
Object’s acceleration is related to force and inversely related to mass
TorF: More mass added to a car causes it to have less acceleration/slower increased acceleration.
True. There is a higher inertia meaning a higher resistance to the force being applied.
To move an object father and faster, you must…
Increase the force being applied/delivered to the object and increase the distance over which the force is being applied
What should be avoided when wanting to reduce force in the desired plane?
Avoid rotational movements in different planes or ruin the momentum of the movement you are doing in the desired plane
An object’s linear velocity is the product of…
Its rotational velocity and radius of rotation
What is an open kinetic chain?
Is the correctly timed sequence of movements an individual uses to successfully perform a skill
What are the two elements essential to a kinetic chain?
The optimal squence of the movements and the timing of events of the sequence
To absorb forces transmitted on the body, individuals must:
Increase the amount of time of the impact or/and increase the area over which the force is absorbed
What is stability?
The ability to resist movement
What is balance?
The ability to maintain equilibrium
To increase stability…
Increase the base of support and lower the centre of gravity
To increase balance…
Increase stability, improve strength, coordination, and proprioception
Increasing stability leads to improved balance, but it also leads to decreased…
Mobility.
