Chapter 13 Flashcards
Define sensation.
Is the neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor. This results in sensory nerve impulses travelling down sensory nerve pathways to the brain.
Define perception.
Is a multistage process in the central nervous system.
- It includes selection, processing, organization, and integration of information received from the senses.
What are the different levels of vision of newborns, infants at 6 months, children at age 5, and children at age 10?
Newborns - functionally useful but unrefined (20/400 vision)
6 months - vision is adequate for locomotion through the environment
Age 5 - 20/30
Age 10 - 20/20
What is presbyopia?
Affects the ability to see nearby images and the loss of power to focus - this can be corrected with lenses
Why do older adults need more light in dim environments?
Resting diameter of the pupil decreases with age and the lens often yellows too. Both of these reduce the amount of illuminance reaching the eye, therefore, older adults need more light.
What are the symptoms of visual problems which can occur at any age?
- Lack of eye-hand coordination
- Squinting
- Under- or overreaching for objects
- Unusual head movements
Define perception of space.
Space perception requires perception of depth and distance
What is retinal disparity?
The difference in images received by two eyes as a result of their different locations
What is motion parallax?
The change in optical location for objects in motion at different distances
What is optic flow?
The change in the pattern of optical texture as we move forward or backward
What is figure and ground perception?
The ability to see objects of interest seen as distinct from background
What is whole and part perception?
Parts of a picture or object discriminated from whole, yet can be integrated. Parts and whole perceived simultaneously
What is shape constancy?
The perception of the actual object shape despite its orientation to the viewer (sensitivity to shape or form)
What is preferential looking?
Infants look at new or novel objects over familiar ones. Attention wanders from objects to which the infant is habituated.
Kinesthetics arise from what?
Proprioceptors
What are the two proprioceptors?
Somatosensors and vestibular apparatus
Describe somatosensors
These proprioceptors are located under the skin, in the muscles, at muscle-tendon junctios, and in jointcapsules and ligaments. Muscle spindles have a major role in position and movement sense.
Where are vestibular apparatus proprioceptors located and what is their function?
- Located in the Inner ear
- Functions to detect the position and movement of the head which allows for the coordination of eye movements , posture, and equilibrium
When does the vestibular apparatus start to function in infancy?
Functions by the age of 2 months - sometimes earlier
What perception of elements are involved with kinesthetic perception?
- Tactile localization, manipulation, and movement
- Body awareness
What kind of body awareness is involved in kinesthetic perception?
- Awareness of self and identification of body parts
- Laterality (a type of body awareness that gives rise to the perception that we have two distinct sides of the body that can move independently)
- Lateral dominance (preference to one leg, arm, hand)
- Side preference (coordination and bias to a side/direction)
- Spatial orientation (ability to navigate within the surrounding environment)
- Directionality (ability to project the body into space and to grasp spatial concepts)
What is tactile localization?
Is the ability to identify, without sight, the exact part of the body that has been touched
TorF: In infants, manipulation is more purposeful than accidental
False. Manipulation is more accidental than purposeful in infants. Manipulation becomes more methodical around six years of age
What is an example of a scale error?
Trying to fit the body into a space that is too small
A consistent preference to one eye, ear, hand, or foot over the other is defined as:
Lateral dominance
Type of body awareness that makes us able
to project ourselves into space (e.g., the air) and perceive where our body parts are, where other objects are, and the movement of our
body parts and objects is defined as:
Directionality
What are the three structures in the ear involved in hearing?
1) External ear
2) Middle ear
3) Cochlea of the inner ear
Minimal detectable sound is defined as:
Absolute threshold
Distinguishing between similar sounds is defined as:
Differential threshold
What are some auditory changes with aging?
- Hearing loss (presbycusis)
- Absolute and differential thresholds generally increase
- Hearing amid a noisy background is more difficult
- Some loss might result from lifelong exposure to environmental noise
Auditory perception involves perception of the following:
1) Location
2) Differences in similar sounds
3) Patterns
4) Auditory figure and ground
What are the three properties of patterns?
1) Time
2) Intensity
3) Frequency
Patterns in space or time that do not differ across modalities are defined as:
Amodal invariants
