Chapters 22 & 26 Flashcards
What started the Crimean War?
- Ottoman sultan did what?
- Russia’s excuse and the 2 places they occupy?
Ottoman sultan gave the protective role over the Palestine to the Roman Catholic Church; Russia uses the “Protectors of Orthodox Christians” as an excuse to occupy Wallachia & Moldavia
What made the Crimean War unique?
Media correspondants
Who were the 4 nations involved in the Crimean War?
Russia, Ottoman Empire, Britain, France
Florence Nightingale
- founder of what?
- nickname?
Founder of modern nursing, “the lady with the lamp”
What were the 2 effects of the Crimean War?
Rid of the idea of an invincible Russia, discredited Concert of Europe
What was the era of reforms in the Ottoman Empire called? Where were they based off of? Whose rights did they define?
Tanzimat, Western Europe, non-muslims
Who/What were the 4 nationalist leaders in Italian Unification? (Soul, Sword, Head, Magnet)
Soul = Mazzini Sword = Garibaldi Head = Cavour Magnet = Piedmont
Who’s philosophical ideals did Cavour fall under?
Machiavelli
What was the form of government favored by Cavour?
Constitutional Monarchy
What was the agreement in 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III called? Why did they meet? What did they decide? Was it secretive?
Pact of Plomieres, to come up with a war to unify Italy, they declare war on Austria, yes, it was secretive
What event led to Venetia’s incorporation into the Italian Nation? What year?
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
What was the role of Piedmont in the unification of Italy?
The Magnet
What were Cavour’s 3 keys to Italian Unification?
- Industrialization
- Nationalization
- French intervention
What was Guisseppe Garibaldi’s role in Italian Unification? Where did he initially start to unify Italy, and who eventually took over?
His ___________ stood over his __________.
Sword, Southern Italy, Cavour took over, his Nationalism stood over his republicanism
What year did Italy become a nation?
1860
What was the most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914?
German Unification
Otto von Bismarck
- what were his 2 nicknames and what did they reveal about him?
- who’s political ideology did he fall under?
- who even was he in context of Germany?
“the old blood and iron”, “the iron chancellor” - revealed his pro-industrialism
Machiavelli
German Prime Minister
Who were the 2 strongest rival states of the German Confederation?
Prussia & Austria
What is the excerpt of the quote by Otto von Bismarck that is evidence of him being a pragmatist?
“iron & blood”
Why did Bismarck embrace German Nationalism?
as a strategy to outflank liberals in German Unification
What was the name of the cause of the Danish War of 1864?
Schleswig-Holstein Problem
What is another name for the Seven Weeks’ War? What was the main effect?
Austro-Prussian War; kleindeutsch succeeded
What were the 2 houses of the German Confederation?
Bundesrat & Reichstag
Why did Bismarck tweak the Bad-Ems Telegram? What war did it provoke?
To upset France and to provoke the war that was needed to unify northern and southern Germany; The Franco-Prussian War
What was the significance of the Franco-Prussian War? Who was captured and exiled? What was the name of the treaty that ended it?
The single event to unify Germany; Napoleon III; Treaty of Frankfurt
Name the 8 French Rulers since 1789.
Louis XVI, Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Phillipe, Napoleon III, Thiers, MacMahon
What was the Paris Commune? What was its goal? What was its political stance? What famous event ended it? What was the death toll?
The new Parisian municipal government, intended to administer Paris separately from the rest of France, socialist, The Bloody Week (20,000 dead)
What was the impact of the emergence of the German Empire?
Possibility of surpassing Britain
What was the Dreyfus Affair? Who did it discriminate against, generally and specifically? What did it highlight in France, and who did it divide? What did it mark the beginning of?
The German excuse for knowing Austria’s military secrets; blamed Dreyfus for it (Jew), highlighted anti-semitism, divided conservatives and liberals, marked the beginning of the new Jewish homeland movement.
What were the 3 characteristics of the 19th c. Habsburg Empire?
Dynastic, Absolutist, Agrarian
What was the Ausgleich (1867)? What did it result in?
A compromise between Austria and Hungary, resulted in Austria-Hungary as a dually led state.
What was Czech trialism? Who was opposed to it?
Czechs wanted a position similar to Magyars (Triple-ly led state), Magyars opposed
Reforms of Alexander II
- judicial:
- militarily:
- administrative:
- social:
Judicial: implemented equality before law
Military: Required service went from 25 years to 15; 6 active and 9 reserve
Administrative: Zemstvos
Social; Emancipation of Serfs
What were the problems with serfdom in Russia?
Potential of revolt, inhibits industrialization, growing sentiment of immorality, unskilled military
What did serfs still have to do after their emancipation?
Pay redemption payments to the government
What was the relationship that Poland had to Russia?
Satellite State
What were the 4 revolutionaries in Russia during Alexander II’s reign?
Alexander herzen, Populism, Land and Freedom, The People’s Will
What was the significance of William Gladstone’s ministry?
Irish Home Rule
Who was Benjamin Disraeli? Was he conservative or liberal? What was his ruling style?
British Prime Minister, conservative, pessimistic micromanagement
Who led the Irish Home Rule movement? What did he want? Who prevented the recognition of home rule?
Charles Stuart Parnell, local autonomy, the House of Lords
What was the significance of the new German Empire to…
- Britain?
- Russia?
- France?
- Austria?
- USA?
Britain: Challenged their supremacy Russia: New threat in eastern Europe France: Lost Alsace & Lorraine Austria: excluded from German affairs USA: doesn't care
What was Bismarck’s goal for the new German Empire?
Maintain what it had to avoid war that might reverse what they had achieved
How did the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 start? Why did Russia enter (2)? What treaty ended it?
Balkans wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire, Russia entered partially to help out their little brother states but mostly for territorial gains at Ottoman expense, (it worked!); Treaty of San Stefano
What was the Congress of Berlin? Who led it? How did it end for Russia?
A congress to review the treaty of San Stefano; Bismarck: “the honest broker”; Russia lost Balkan territory
Who were the members of the…
- Three Emperor’s League?
- Triple Alliance?
- Dual Alliance?
- Entente Cordiale?
- Triple Entente?
TEL: Germany, Austria, Russia TA: Germany, Austria, Italy DA: Germany & Austria EC: Britain & France TE: Britain, France, & Russia
What was Kaiser Wilhelm II’s political goal? In what 3 ways did he intend to achieve this? Whose grandson was he?
Achieve dominance over Britain through a superior navy, industrialization, and colonies; Queen Victoria
What were 4 factors of WWI?
Young Turks, The Balkan Wars, Assassination of Francis Ferdinand, Alliance Systems
What was the “Powder Keg of Europe?”
The Balkans
What was the Impact of the 2nd Moroccan Crisis?
Bound the members of the Entente Cordiale more tightly together (Britain + France)
What terrorist group in the Bosnia was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand? Why was he down there in the first place? What is the significance of this event?
The Black Hand, to give a speech to discourage Nationalism, ignited the Powder Keg of Europe and thus began WWI
How did each member of the Dual Alliance respond to the assassination of Francis Ferdinand? Triple Entente?
Austria declared war on Serbia, Germany acted as a blank check
Russia mobilized troops on Austria, France acted as a blank check, Britain continued “splendid isolation”
What was the first country to mobilize against Russia?
Austria
What was the Schlieffen Plan? Was it successful?
Germany’s attempt at avoiding a 2 front war (get France first and then deal with Russia), NOT SUCCESSFUL
Why was Germany blamed for WWI? (5)
Wilhelm II, its aggression, its acting as a blank check to Austria, invasion of Belgium, bringing Britain in
How many trained and equipped soldiers did Germany have in 1914?
2.2 million
What were the 3 Battles of the Western Front? What definitely wasn’t? How was it fought? What was the result of this type of warfare? Why was it especially deadly? What was the poem associated with it?
Marne, Somme, Verdun NOT Gallipoli Trench Warfare - resulted in deadlock Modern weaponry Dulce et Decorum est
What were the 4 weapons introduced in WWI?
Machine guns, poison gas, submarines, artillery
What 2 countries joined the central powers? What 3 joined the allies?
CP: Turkey & Bulgaria
AP: Romania, Italy, Japan
Colonel T.E. Lawrence and his role during WWI?
Led the Arab Independence movement against Turkey
Battle of Gallipoli
- attempt to break what?
- what would be captured?
- who masterminded it?
- how did it end for allies? How many soldiers were lost and how many were diverted from more useful jobs?
The deadlock on the western front
Constantinople
Winston Churchill
Huge disaster - 150K lost and 450K diverted
What were the 3 reasons for US intervention into WWI?
Sinking of the Lusitania
Russia’s withdrawal from the war
The Zimmermann Note
What was Woodrow Wilson’s view of WWI?
A way to make the world safe for democracy
What were the causes of the March Revolution in Russia?
peasant discontent, Russian casualties form the war, Nicholas II was stupid
What was the significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs?
Influenced Czarina Alexandra & created a lot of political problems while Nicholas II was away
What does Bolshevik translate to? After what event and in what year did they come to power? What was significant about them by the year 1917? What was their slogan?
Majority; November Revolution (1917), they were the best organized and most skillfully led group in Russia; slogan = peace, bread, & land
What were Soviets? For what movement were they the building blocks of?
Economic & political councils in Russia, communism
What did the treaty of Brest-Litovsk do?
Withdrew Russia from WWI
