Chapters 18 & 19 Flashcards
What was the Compte Rendu? Who evaluated it? What did it say about the economic state of France? What 2 things did they theoretically have to do to fix it?
An economic report, Jacques Necker, It’s really not as bad as we think, we just have to forget about American Revolutionary debt and stop paying the Aristocracy’s pension.
What was the primary cause of the crisis leading up to the French Revolution?
Financial burden from past wars and etc. France had been in
What was the makeup of the Estates General? What were its reasons for reconvening in 1789?
1st, 2nd, and 3rd estate
political deadlock between the french monarchy and its aristocracy
Name 3 economic reforms of Charles Calonne (all have fancy french names)
make the Taille universal, lower the gabelle, and transform the corvee
What were 2 attempts made by the 1st and 2nd estates to limit the rights of the 3rd estate?
placed in rafters, voting proposals
What were at least 3 grievances included as part of the cahiers de doleances?
inequitable taxes government waste hunting rights church corruption elimination of privilege more civic rights
How did the National Assembly emerge from the Estates General?
the 3rd estate refused to sit as a separate order, after a 3 week standoff, it invited members of the 1st and 2nd estates to join them
The Tennis Court Oath:
- what was it?
- why were they in a tennis court anyway?
- what is the name of the new governmental system it creates?
An oath to keep the National Assembly meeting until a constitution was drafted
Louis XVI locked the NA’s room
National Constituent Assembly
What were the 2 main reasons for riots in the winter of 1788 and the spring of 1789?
low bread prices
royal troops surrounding their cities and towns
What was the Storming of the Bastille? What was its significance?
National Guard went to get gunpowder, it was the first event of the French Revolution
What was the great fear?
The time period in which peasants in rural areas of france feared that royal forces would come to take their foodstuffs
What did the Night of August 4th abolish? What was it the first step toward?
feudalism and the Ancien Regime
A constitution for France
Who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? What principles did it use as a backbone? Who did it exclude?
The NCA, Enlightened, women
What did Jean-Paul Marat have to do with the French Revolution?
He wrote L’ami du Pueple
What did the women in the October Days initially want? What 2 things were significant about it?
Bread
Apex of 1789 Revolution and the royal family was moved to Paris
What was the NCA’s preferred form of government?
Constitutional monarchy
What was the name of the new governmental body that emerged from the Constitution of 1791? What 2 types of citizens did it consist of?
Legislative Assembly
Active/passive
Who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women? Who was it directed to?
Olympe de Gouges, Marie Antoinette
What are the 4 examples of economic reforms during the Reconstruction of France?
deregulation of grain trade
metric system implemented
assignats
Chapelier Law
What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy require clergy to do? What 2 types of clergy did it create? What did it create in society?
swear an oath to the state - those who did: jurying, those who didn’t: refractory, religious division
What did the Roman Catholic Church view the Revolution as?
an enemy
Who were emigres? Why did they leave France?
Aristocracy and clergy, they realized the Old Regime really was going away
Who were the Jacobins? Which major philosopher’s ideas did they utilize? What political stance did they take?
The major club of the Legislative assembly, Rousseau, republican
who were the sans-culottes? What was their initial goal?
Not aristocracy (“without breeches”), relief from food shortages
Who were the September Massacres an attack against? What did it rouse towards France?
counterrevolutionaries, new hostility
What were 5 challenges facing the French Revolutionary Government by 1793?
The monarchy, religious division (civil constitution of the clergy), economic crisis (depreciation of Assignats), political factions, counterrevolutionaries
What was the Declaration of Pillnitz?
A warning from Austria and Prussia: if the royal family was hurt in any way, they would intervene militarily
That was the purpose of the National Convention? What 2 major things did it do?
write a republican constitution
Declared France a republic, executed Louis XVI
Name the 6 countries at war with France by 1793
Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, Holland
What were Edmund Burke’s views of the French Revolution?
He saw the danger in it and predicted its significant events
What was the levee en masse? What did it create?
a mass military requisition, created the largest citizen-based army Europe had seen
How did the French Republic achieve a republic of Virtue? (3)
repression of women, revolutionary tribunals, dechristianization
What were some values important to the Republic of Virtue? (3)
community over individual
terror = necessary evil
anything that wasn’t deemed republican enough was stamped out
What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety? How many members were there?
Lead the revolution and protect the French Republic, 12
What was the Reign of Terror a result of? When did it end?
the desire for a republic of virtue, Robespierre’s death
What was the Law of 22 Priarial? What did it cause?
permitted the FR govt. to accuse and execute anyone on the spot, “The Great Terror”
Who was the least successful at the end of the Thermidorian Reaction? Who was the most successful?
women, peasants and middle class
What was the White Terror? What did the “Bands of Jesus” have to do with it?
a reversal of the Great Terror, Bands of Jesus executed those who advocated or played a big part in the French Revolution
Women’s rights before and after the revolution
they had more prior to the revolution than after
After the Coup of 18 Brumaire, what became the new governmental body of France? Where did Napoleon fit in the new government?
Consulate, Napoleon declared himself first consul
What did Austria do after the Treaty of Campo Formio?
Retreated from Italy
Who fought in the battle of Abukir? Who won? What was its significance?
France (Napoleon) vs. England (Horatio Nelson), Nelson, it was N’s first major defeat
In what ways did Napoleon achieve foreign peace? Domestic peace?
Treaty of Luneville & Peace of Amiens, Concordat of 1801
Amnesty forgiving those involved in the reign of terror, purged Royalists and Jacobins
What was the Concordat of 1801? What did the pope get to do? Napoleon?
agreement with the pope, Pope got to declare France officially Catholic, Napoleon got the church put under state control in making clergy dependent completely on him
What was the main thing that the Napoleonic Code did?
Abolished the Ancien Regime in all conquered territiories
Where was Napoleon’s coronation? Who did he invite to win popular support? What about a crown?
Notre Dame, the pope, he placed it on his own head
After the battle of Tralfagar, what did Napoleon have to come to terms with? Which battle was this specifically?
He had to give up any notion that he might one day defeat the british, the one with Horatio nelson and the intense naval tactics
Who was the prime minister of britain during the French Revolution?
William Pitt the Younger
Who was the peace of Amiens between? What was it in reality?
England and France, a pause of conflict
What was the Confederation of the Rhine? What was its significance? When did it emerge?
reorganization of HRE’s territories, wiped the HRE off the map, 1806
Who was France making peace with in the Treaty of Tilsit? Who was it favorable towards?
France and Russia, Russia
What did the Continental System do? Why didn’t it really work? Who ended up getting weakened?
forbade any conquered territory and allies from trading with Britain, they still had the New World, Russia and the rest of the allies
What was the 100 Days?
The period of time where Napoleon came back from Elsa and tried to reclaim his empire
Who were Napoleon’s wives?
Josephine and Marie Louise
Who ruled Napoleon’s conquered territories?
his family
How did Napoleon encourage his brother to rule in the Kingdom of Westphalia?
constitutionally
What was Prussia’s response to Napoleon’s Empire?
Nationalism
Why did Napoleon’s Peninsular Campaign start? What did he do to Spain whilst there? What resulted and how long did it last? What did it do to the state of France?
to stop the smuggling coming in from Portugal, he overthrew the monarchy, Guerrilla warfare, 1808-1810, weakened it
What tactic did the Russians use against Napoleon’s empire during his russian campaign? What was the one battle they had that we talked about?
Scorched earth, Battle of Boridino
After the battle of nations, where is napoleon exiled?
Elba
Who was a part of the congress of vienna? What was its purpose?
Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain
prevent french conquering
Who fought in the Battle of Waterloo (countries and names), where was Napoleon exiled?
France (Napoleon) vs. England (Wellington) and Prussia (Blucher), St. Helena
What were the territorial adjustments after the Congress of Vienna for?
to provide a blockade against French expansion
What was the central characteristic of the romantic movement? What phrase?
supplementing enlightenment ideals with those of feeling, emotion, and imagination
storm and stress
Art, literature, and architecture of the Romantics all had an emphasis on what?
The Middle Ages
What literary work did Rousseau contribute to Romanticism? What was it about?
Emile, trial-and-error based education
What were the 2 literary works that Immanuel Kant contributed to Romanticism? What other 2 ideas did he bring to the table?
Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason
Categorical Imperative, Phenomenal and Noumenal Worlds
What were the 2 notable buildings of Neo-Gothic architecture?
British Houses of Parliament
Neuchwanstein Castle
What did Methodism start as? Who was its leader?
A revolt against the rationalism of the Anglican Church, John Wesley
Who wrote The Genius of Christianity? What was it about?
Viscount Francois Rene - disapproved the religious policies of the French Revolution
What was Johann Herder’s main contribution to Romanticism? What was it in protest to?
German folk culture revival, in protest to the enlightenment
What were Hegel’s views on the conflict of ideas and his contributions to the study of History?
thesis clashes with antithesis, forms synthesis which becomes the new thesis, repeat
