Chapters 15, 16, 17 Flashcards
How did the aristocracy in 18th c. Europe gain their titles?
Through birthright
What was the Old Regime based on and when did it take place?
Class society, up to 1700s
What were the 2 types of French nobility? How did they gain their titles?
Of the sword - through military
Of the robe - through money and service to the state
What was nobility called in Prussia? Poland? Russia?
Prussia: Junkers
Poland: schlatza
Russia: streltsy/boyars
Why did the Aristocratic Resurgence take place and when?
The nobility was trying to regain their social position during the age of absolutism
Economic basis of 18th c. Life?
Grain production
Who was it who could hunt according to the English game laws? What did peasants end up doing due to economic instability?
Nobility, poached
Who all contributed in a family economy?
The whole family
What was the main concern of married women in pre-industrial Europe?
Providing enough money and crop to ensure adequate food supply
If children in the 18th century were illegitimate or unwanted, where would they be sent?
Foundling hospitals
Bread prices during the 18th c.
Slowly but steadily increased
What 2 methods of agriculture did the Dutch use leading up to the agricultural revolution?
Drained land and introduced new crops
How many people lived in Europe in 1700? How did that change by 1850?
100 million - 260 million
2 Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impacts?
Potatoes and maize - nutritional gain
Who were the 3 contributors to the agricultural revolution and what did they contribute?
Jethro Tull: seed drill & iron plow
Charles Townshend: crop rotation & fertilizer
Robert Bakewell: selective breeding
What happened to disconnected fields during the enclosure movement? Who owned them more?
Consolidated, the government
What were the causes of the consumer revolution? Effects?
Causes: more disposable income, marketing, fashion
Effects: social mobility & higher demand for goods
Who did the water frame benefit? Where did it require them to move?
Weaver, near running water
Who did the spinning jenny benefit?
Thread spinner
Who did the flying shuttle benefit?
Weaver
What was the power loom powered by? What did it create and what did it eliminate?
Steam, created urban factories and eliminated the need for running water
Impact of the steam engine?
Permitted industrialization to grow on itself and expand to other industries
Inventors of the steam engine?
Boulton, Newcomen, watt, wilkinson
What process did Henry Cort perfect in iron production?
Puddling process
Impact of agricultural and industrial revolutions on women? What industry did they turn to?
They were replaced and turned to cottage industries
2 Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c.?
Poland and Low Countries
4 stages of European contact with the rest of the world
- Colonization
- Mercantilism
- Imperial ambitions
- Decolonization
Fundamental institution present during 1st 2 periods of European imperialism
Slavery
3 main rivals during the era of colonization?
Britain, France, and Spain
Purpose of the Spanish empire until the mid 18th c.
Enrich the mother country
2 areas of conflict during mid 18th century among great nations?
Central Europe and new world
What was the significance of the war of jenkin’s ear?
Opened opportunity for more trade wars
When did the War of Austrian Succession take place? Who invaded where and what agreement did it break?
1740-1748, Frederick the Great invades Silesia and it breaks the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.
What were the alliances formed during the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756? What 2 wars did it happen in between?
France + Austria
Britain + Prussia
Austrian Succession - 7 Years War
2 biggest victors of the 7 years war and why?
England (new world power) and Prussia (kept Silesia)
What did the stamp act put a tax on? Where would the money be used
Taxes legal documents, would be used in colonies
What port did the intolerable Acts close? Who’s government did it reorganize? Who was quartered and where?
Port of Boston, Massachusetts’,
Troops in private homes
Who wrote common sense? What did it do to the colonists?
Thomas Paine, galvanized their support
After the American Revolution, what was not eliminated and what wasn’t equal to society?
Slavery, rights
Why did Americans resent British attempts to tax them?
They weren’t represented in Parliament
What were the 4 Ideas and Events that American ideals were based on?
Glorious revolution, two treatises on government, spirit of the laws, cato’s letters
Two most important people who influenced enlightenment?
John Locke & Isaac Newton
How was Britain unique politically and socially leading up to the Enlightenment?
Freest country
4 influences Britain had on the enlightenment
Domestic stability, just court systems, freest country, religious toleration
What created public opinion? Who did it concern?
Print culture, political powers
What was print culture? What was the vehicle for philosophes to get their ideas out?
The phenomenon in which the number of printed goods increased, novels
What were voltaire’s views on Britain? What did he write about it?
Impressed, Letters on the English
What were Voltaire’s 3 literary works and their contents?
Letters on the English: praising England / Elements of the Philosophy of Newton: popularized Newton’s ideas / Candide: criticized unwarranted optimistic views
What did philosophes think that the Christian church took thought away from? What about original sin? Intolerant? Root of what?
Took thought away from this life, original sin made human change impossible, root of wars, intolerance
What were the 2 major points of the Diest creed?
- There is a god
2. There is life after death
Who wrote Ethics? What was it about?
Baruch Spinoza, God and Nature were closely identified
What was Moses Mendelsohn also called? What did he believe concerning Jewish people assimilating?
Jewish Socrates - if you were Jewish, you should assimilate to Christian culture but keep your ideals
What did Pascal think about Islam?
False religion
Who were the 2 editors of The Encyclopedia? What was the significance of it?
Diderot and d’Alembert - spread the ideas of enlightenment further than any single collective work
Who wrote On Crimes and Punishments? What did it call for reforms on? The message should be _______ rather than _______.
Cesare Beccaria, reforms on justice and penal system (change rather than death)
What were Adam Smith’s view on mercantilism? Who did he think should boost the economy instead?
Against, selfish individuals
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations? What economic system did it promote?
Adam Smith, laissez-faire economics
What did Adam Smith think the role of governments should be? (Provide, protect, and open)
Provide infrastructure, protect property, open trade routes too risky or expensive for individuals
What did Adam Smith’s 4-Stage Theory consist of?
- Hunter-gatherer
- Pastoral herding
- Agricultural
- Commercial
According to Adam Smith and laissez-faire economics, who shouldn’t micromanage and who should boost the economy?
The government, selfish individuals
What economic system did physiocrats oppose and which did they advocate?
Opposed mercantilism, advocated free trade
What did Rousseau believe about human nature? What did he believe was the true evil in the world? What did he think about women? What did he believe concerning community and individuals?
Humans are selfish, evil=unequal distribution of property and wealth, women=inferior, community over individuals
What were the 3 injustices as grounds for criticism of Imperialism from Enlightenment thinkers?
- Conquering people
- Mistreatment of Native Americans
- Mistreatment of slaves
Herder was the person to come up with _________ _________, the idea that societies and civilizations were and should be unique
Cultural relativism
What was Montesquieu’s main literary work? Views on govt? England? Preferred govt. for France?
Spirit of the Laws, separation of powers, it was the model, France should have a limited government
Overall, what were philosophes’ views on women?
Not strong feminists
What were the characteristics of Neoclassical art? Who was the major artist?
Didactic, humanistic & renaissance - like, secular
Jacques-Louis David
What were some characteristic of Rococo art? Who was it generally associated with? What king supported it? What is the prime architectural example?
Lavish, playful, etc., Louis XV, associated with aristocracies, Imperial Hall of Bavaria
What play did Gotthold Lessing write? What was it critical of?
Nathan the Wise - critical of the lack of toleration from Christians to non-Christians
What 3 countries received land from Poland in the 1st Partition of Poland?
Russia, Prussia, Austria
How much of Polish land was given away after the 1st Partition of Poland?
1/3
What was Frederick the Great’s self-proclaimed title? What about his rule was enlightened? (2 - full what and support from who)
“First servant of the state”
Religious toleration and had loyalty of military, nobles, clergy, and bureaucracy
3 absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the Enlightenment
Frederick the great
Joseph II
Catherine the great
What did Catherine the Great pass in 1785 concerning nobles? What did it do? What did this reflect about her relationship with nobles?
Charter of Nobility - gave rights and privileges to nobility; she was friendly towards them
What did Catherine the Great continue to seek territorially? After wars with the Ottoman Empire, where did she receive new land?
A warm water port, land on the Danube River and along Crimean coast
What was Joseph II’s greatest ambition in social reforms?
Increase Hapsburg authority to new realms
