Chapters 15, 16, 17 Flashcards
How did the aristocracy in 18th c. Europe gain their titles?
Through birthright
What was the Old Regime based on and when did it take place?
Class society, up to 1700s
What were the 2 types of French nobility? How did they gain their titles?
Of the sword - through military
Of the robe - through money and service to the state
What was nobility called in Prussia? Poland? Russia?
Prussia: Junkers
Poland: schlatza
Russia: streltsy/boyars
Why did the Aristocratic Resurgence take place and when?
The nobility was trying to regain their social position during the age of absolutism
Economic basis of 18th c. Life?
Grain production
Who was it who could hunt according to the English game laws? What did peasants end up doing due to economic instability?
Nobility, poached
Who all contributed in a family economy?
The whole family
What was the main concern of married women in pre-industrial Europe?
Providing enough money and crop to ensure adequate food supply
If children in the 18th century were illegitimate or unwanted, where would they be sent?
Foundling hospitals
Bread prices during the 18th c.
Slowly but steadily increased
What 2 methods of agriculture did the Dutch use leading up to the agricultural revolution?
Drained land and introduced new crops
How many people lived in Europe in 1700? How did that change by 1850?
100 million - 260 million
2 Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impacts?
Potatoes and maize - nutritional gain
Who were the 3 contributors to the agricultural revolution and what did they contribute?
Jethro Tull: seed drill & iron plow
Charles Townshend: crop rotation & fertilizer
Robert Bakewell: selective breeding
What happened to disconnected fields during the enclosure movement? Who owned them more?
Consolidated, the government
What were the causes of the consumer revolution? Effects?
Causes: more disposable income, marketing, fashion
Effects: social mobility & higher demand for goods
Who did the water frame benefit? Where did it require them to move?
Weaver, near running water
Who did the spinning jenny benefit?
Thread spinner
Who did the flying shuttle benefit?
Weaver
What was the power loom powered by? What did it create and what did it eliminate?
Steam, created urban factories and eliminated the need for running water
Impact of the steam engine?
Permitted industrialization to grow on itself and expand to other industries
Inventors of the steam engine?
Boulton, Newcomen, watt, wilkinson
What process did Henry Cort perfect in iron production?
Puddling process
Impact of agricultural and industrial revolutions on women? What industry did they turn to?
They were replaced and turned to cottage industries
2 Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c.?
Poland and Low Countries
4 stages of European contact with the rest of the world
- Colonization
- Mercantilism
- Imperial ambitions
- Decolonization
Fundamental institution present during 1st 2 periods of European imperialism
Slavery
3 main rivals during the era of colonization?
Britain, France, and Spain
Purpose of the Spanish empire until the mid 18th c.
Enrich the mother country