Chapters 11&12 Flashcards
Groups that were proponents/allies in reforming the Catholic Church in the 16th c.
(GPLPB)
guilds, printers guilds, laity, peasantry, people who felt bullied by their authority
Birthplace of the Reformation
Germany & Switzerland
Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church and how
Laity getting more knowledgable because of the postal system and the printing press
common goal of 13th-15th c. religious reformers (before Luther and etc.)
religious simplicity in imitation of Jesus
Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life
Religious life outside traditional church vows
Philosophia Christi
Imitation of the Christ
- who
- contents
Thomas a Kempis
Summarized the ideology of the Modern Devotion
Martin Luther
- son of…
- set to be a…
Miner
Lawyer
Salvation according to the Medieval Church
Joint venture between man and god: man provides good works, god provides grace
Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of Indulgences
- what exactly were they
- weird things popes passed concerning them
- pope during the Jubilee indulgence
- tetzel’s role
Sins forgiven for a fee
- Treasury of Merit, Extended to the dead, Jubilee indulgence
- Leo X
- Tetzel was to sell the Jubilee Indulgence
95 Theses
- who
- when
- contents
- language
- why
Martin Luther October 31, 1517 Criticisms about solely Indulgences Latin *only the educated (Humanists and Clergymen) could read them
Literary Works of Martin Luther and their message
i. Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ~ attempt for the Nobility to side with Luther
ii. Babylonian Captivity ~ 2/7 sacraments biblically founded
iii. Freedom of a Christian ~ summarized Justification by Faith Alond
iv. 95 Theses ~ anti- indulgence
v. Against the Murderous & Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Diet of Worms
- when
- what
- Luther’s famous response
April 1521
Luther asked to recant
“I cannot and will not recant, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe.”
Luther’s views on how salvation was achieved
Justification by Faith Alone
~joint venture: man provides faith, god provides grace
Peace of Augsburg
- when
- contents
1555
cuius regio, eius religio
Reaction to German Peasants Revolt
- supported by who
- Luther’s pamphlet
peasants
Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Diet of Augsburg
- when
- who directed it to who
- what
1530
Charles V to nobility
If you’ve converted to Lutheranism during my business, reconvert to Catholicism
Schmalkaldic League
- what
- made up of who
- in response to
Defensive Alliance of Lutherans
Diet of Augsburg
Leader of the Reformation in Zurich
Zwingli
Point of contention between luther and zwingli
-each of their views
Christ’s presence in the Eucharist
- Luther: transubstantiation
- Zwingli: symbolic
Anabaptists
- main doctrine
- who originated it
No infant baptism
Conrad Grebel
John Calvin
- who (nationality)
- what & main doctrine of such
- wrote what
- reformed where
French Started Calvinism ~predestination Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva
Lutheranism in Denmark
-who introduced it
King Christian II
Religious significance of Magdeburg during 16th c.
was a safe haven for protestants during Schmalkaldic Wars
Henry VIII
- title given by pope & why
- initial advisor
- from what family
Defender of the Faith (defended the 7 sacraments)
Thomas Wolsey
Tudors
The King’s Great Matter
He needed a son and a divorce
Reformation Parliament, measures and legislations
- made up of who
- from when to when
- 2 acts passed
Clergy, 1529-1536
Convocation: clerical rights given to monarchy
Dissolution of Monestaries: sells land of monestaries to the highest bidder
Act of Succession
- passed by who
- what it does
Reformation Parliament Disinherits Mary (Catherine of Aragon's daughter) as a monarch-to-be
Acts of Uniformity
- passed by who
- main one
Reformation Parliament
imposes the Book of the Common Prayer in all churches of England
Act of Supremacy
- passed by who
- what
Reformation Parliament
recognizes Henry VIII as head of the Church of England
Wives of Henry VIII and their fate
Catherine of Aragon, divorced Anne Boleyn, beheaded Jane Seymour, died Anne of Cleves, divorced Catherine Howard, beheaded Catherine Parr, survived
Tudor Monarchs in order
Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I
Six Articles (Henry VIII)
- nickname
- highlights what about Henry VIII
The Whip with 6 Stings
Highlights that Henry VIII is Catholic at heart
Jesuits
- founder
- practices
Ignatius Loyola
Total perfect discipline and self control
Ignatius of Loyola
-significance in Catholic Counter-Reformation
founded the Jesuits
Council of Trent
- who called it & why
- when
- main focus
Pope Paul III, the reformation was successful
1545-1563
Reforming internal church discipline
Protestants and their views on marriage (2 things)
Clergy can marry
Divorce is allowed
Wet Nursing
-why
church forbade mothers to nurse their child
social standing, vanity
Miguel de Cervantes
- education
- literary work
- what it played with regarding Spain
“School of Life”
Don Quixote
-reality vs. idealism
William Shakespeare
- organization he’s a part of
- lived during who’s reign
- famous for 3 types of plays
King’s Men
Elizabeth I
Tragedies, Comedies, Histories
Baroque and Plain Architectural Styles
Baroque: elaborate, colorful
Plain: focus on gospel
Politiques and examples
Someone who puts political stability over religious unity
- Elizabeth I
- Henry IV
Factors that Led to Protestant Persecutions in France
Francis I captured in Hapsburg Valois wars
Affair of the Placards
Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Chateau-briand
Competing Families in France after Henry II’s death
Bourbons
Montmorency
Guises
Characteristics & Facts about French protestants
- called
- what fraction of population
- depended on who
Huguenots
1/15
Aristocracy
Event which started the French Wars of Religion
-what
Massacre at Vassy
- Charles IX’s regent (Catherine de Medici) passes January Edict
- Francis Guise massacres worshipping protestants
Effects of the peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye
- ends what
- grants what to who
- crown to who
the 3rd and last of the French Religious Wars
Religious Freedoms to Huguenots
Bourbons
Characteristics of Henry IV (France)
- previous name
- politique?
- war involved in
Henry of Navarre
Yessssss
War of the 3 Henry’s
Facts about St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
- when
- who convinces who to stop what
- numbers
- paris
- France
August 24, 1572
Catherine de Medici convinces Charles IX to stop being so nice to Protestants
3000 in Paris
20-30,000 throughout France
Facts about the Edict of Nantes
- who
- recognizes what while keeping France what
- rights to who
- main one that causes criticism
- the criticism
- main one that causes criticism
Henry IV
Recognizes minority religious rights, keeps France Catholic (although he's protestant)
Rights to Minority Religions
-fortifying cities
-caused states within statesClimax of English/Spanish hostilities
1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada
Duration of Austrian Branch of Hapsburg’s holding of western and eastern Hapsburg lands
up through 1848
Characteristics of Philip II
shrewd
Catholic
patron of the arts
Condition of Spain’s economy in 16th and 17th centuries
increased wealth but lack of actual resources
The Compromise
- when
- what
- taken by who
- part of the opposition to who
- ultimately results in
1564
A solemn pledge to resist the decrees of the Council of Trent and the Spanish Inquisition
Dutch
Spanish in the Netherlands
A full scale revolt in the Netherlands against the Spanish
Philip II’s foreign policy and action during first half of reign
Get ahold of the Mediterranean, hold back the Turkish-Ottoman Empire
Perpetual Edict of 1577
- signed by who
- forces who out of where
- gives Netherlands to who
- ends any plans for who to do what
Don John (Spanish)
Spanish troops out of the Netherlands
William of Orange
For Philip II to use the Netherlands as a staging ground for invading England
Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire
The Netherlands
Successors of Edward VI of England
Jane Grey (9 days queen)
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Facts about Mary I and her reign
- religion
- politique?
- persecutions.. name, gives her what name
- exiles.. who among them and what religion
- marries who (1554)
- property lost in 1558
Catholic
NO.
Marian Persectutions, 287 leading protestants killed, Bloody Mary
Marian Exiles, John Knox, presbyterianism
Philip II
Calais
Religious Extremists who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I
Jesuits, Spaniards, Catholics, Puritans
Elizabethan Settlement
- what
- what does each side get
a huge compromise between Protestants and Catholics
Catholics get the visual stuff (sacraments, art, etc.)
Protestants get the message (teachings, doctrine)
39 Articles (Elizabeth I)
- declares what as official religion of england
- nickname because of it
-Moderate Protestantism
“Good Queen Bess”
Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists
-what
Puritans: no catholic imagery or ANYTHING
Presbyterians: moderate, wanted a semi-autonomous congregation
Congregationalists: extremists, fully autonomous congregation
Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England
(4) - NEPB
The Spanish Netherlands being a staging area for attack
Elizabeth “excommunicated” & viewed as heretic
English pirating
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Significance of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada (VDFEW)
- victory for who
- leads to the decline of what
- the new european power
- who gets the what spanish territiories
- starts whos world empire
Protestants Spanish supremacy France England and the Netherlands Starts the English World Empire
Preconditions of the 30 years war (4) - DRPM
Decentralized HRE
Religious Division in the HRE
Calvinism & the Palitinate (Protestant Alliance)
Maximilian of Bavaria (Catholic League)
Significance of Bavaria to the Thirty Years’ War
- religion
- supported by what country
- basecamp for who
- Maximilian I’s organizes what
Catholic
Spain
Catholics
A Catholic League
Ecclesiastical Reservation
-what
Secured territories of the Catholic/Lutheran church (Land always belongs to that religion)
Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders
Gateway between the east and west (highly coveted area)
Significance of Heidelberg during mid-16th c.
A German Geneva (Calvinism accepted in Heidelberg)
Defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists
- what
- support from who
Protestant Alliance
Support from Spanish Enemies (England, France, the Netherlands)
Place of outbreak of the 30 years war
Bohemia - 1618
Phases of the 30 years war (BDSF)
- Bohemian
- Danish
- Swedish
- Swedish-French
Reason for beginning of 30 years war
Defenestration of Prague
Defenestration of Prague:
- what led up to it
- who becomes king, his religion and his plans for Bohemia
- he revokes what
- protestant’s response
Hapsburg Ferdinand (Catholic) - want Bohemia to be completely Catholic (previously tolerated Protestant pockets) Revokes protestant freedoms Protestants respond by throwing Ferdinand's regents out windows
Stages of thirty years war
Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
Swedish-French
Edict of Restitution
- stage
- reaffirms what
- any land acquired from who before when had to what
- reaffirms what as illegal
Danish Period
Catholic holdings from the Peace of Augsburg
Any land acquired by Lutherans before 1552 had to be given back
Calvinism’s illegality reaffirmed
Battle at Breitenfeld
- stage
- who’s victory
- who led the army
- reversed what
Swedish Period
Protestant
Gustavus Adolphus II
Reversed the tide of the war
Peace of Prague
- what
- who won’t participate
Germans are over it
French & Dutch refuse to participate
Depopulation of Germany because of the 30 years war
1/3 killed
Facts about the Treaty of Westphalia
- language
- reaffirms what
- what religion granted legal status
- which 2 countries independent from HRE
- which country now an elector state
- who is opposed, which 2 countries become the most powerful german states
French Peace of Augsburg Calvinism Switzerland & the Netherlands Bavaria the Pope Austria & Brandenburg
