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AP Euro Post-Review > Chapters 11&12 > Flashcards

Chapters 11&12 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Groups that were proponents/allies in reforming the Catholic Church in the 16th c.

(GPLPB)

A

guilds, printers guilds, laity, peasantry, people who felt bullied by their authority

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1
Q

Birthplace of the Reformation

A

Germany & Switzerland

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2
Q

Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church and how

A

Laity getting more knowledgable because of the postal system and the printing press

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3
Q

common goal of 13th-15th c. religious reformers (before Luther and etc.)

A

religious simplicity in imitation of Jesus

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4
Q

Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life

A

Religious life outside traditional church vows

Philosophia Christi

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5
Q

Imitation of the Christ

  • who
  • contents
A

Thomas a Kempis

Summarized the ideology of the Modern Devotion

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6
Q

Martin Luther

  • son of…
  • set to be a…
A

Miner

Lawyer

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7
Q

Salvation according to the Medieval Church

A

Joint venture between man and god: man provides good works, god provides grace

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8
Q

Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of Indulgences

  • what exactly were they
  • weird things popes passed concerning them
  • pope during the Jubilee indulgence
  • tetzel’s role
A

Sins forgiven for a fee

  • Treasury of Merit, Extended to the dead, Jubilee indulgence
  • Leo X
  • Tetzel was to sell the Jubilee Indulgence
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9
Q

95 Theses

  • who
  • when
  • contents
  • language
    • why
A 
Martin Luther
October 31, 1517
Criticisms about solely Indulgences
Latin
   *only the educated (Humanists and          		Clergymen) could read them
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10
Q

Literary Works of Martin Luther and their message

A

i. Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ~ attempt for the Nobility to side with Luther
ii. Babylonian Captivity ~ 2/7 sacraments biblically founded
iii. Freedom of a Christian ~ summarized Justification by Faith Alond
iv. 95 Theses ~ anti- indulgence
v. Against the Murderous & Thieving Hordes of Peasants

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11
Q

Diet of Worms

  • when
  • what
  • Luther’s famous response
A

April 1521
Luther asked to recant
“I cannot and will not recant, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe.”

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12
Q

Luther’s views on how salvation was achieved

A

Justification by Faith Alone

~joint venture: man provides faith, god provides grace

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13
Q

Peace of Augsburg

  • when
  • contents
A

1555

cuius regio, eius religio

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14
Q

Reaction to German Peasants Revolt

  • supported by who
  • Luther’s pamphlet
A

peasants

Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants

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15
Q

Diet of Augsburg

  • when
  • who directed it to who
  • what
A

1530
Charles V to nobility
If you’ve converted to Lutheranism during my business, reconvert to Catholicism

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16
Q

Schmalkaldic League

  • what
  • made up of who
  • in response to
A

Defensive Alliance of Lutherans

Diet of Augsburg

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17
Q

Leader of the Reformation in Zurich

A

Zwingli

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18
Q

Point of contention between luther and zwingli

-each of their views

A

Christ’s presence in the Eucharist

  • Luther: transubstantiation
  • Zwingli: symbolic
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19
Q

Anabaptists

  • main doctrine
  • who originated it
A

No infant baptism

Conrad Grebel

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20
Q

John Calvin

  • who (nationality)
  • what & main doctrine of such
  • wrote what
  • reformed where
A 
French
Started Calvinism
~predestination
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Geneva
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21
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

-who introduced it

A

King Christian II

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22
Q

Religious significance of Magdeburg during 16th c.

A

was a safe haven for protestants during Schmalkaldic Wars

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23
Q

Henry VIII

  • title given by pope & why
  • initial advisor
  • from what family
A

Defender of the Faith (defended the 7 sacraments)
Thomas Wolsey
Tudors

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24
Q

The King’s Great Matter

A

He needed a son and a divorce

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25
Q

Reformation Parliament, measures and legislations

  • made up of who
  • from when to when
  • 2 acts passed
A

Clergy, 1529-1536
Convocation: clerical rights given to monarchy
Dissolution of Monestaries: sells land of monestaries to the highest bidder

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26
Q

Act of Succession

  • passed by who
  • what it does
A 
Reformation Parliament
Disinherits Mary (Catherine of Aragon's daughter) as a monarch-to-be
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27
Q

Acts of Uniformity

  • passed by who
  • main one
A

Reformation Parliament

imposes the Book of the Common Prayer in all churches of England

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28
Q

Act of Supremacy

  • passed by who
  • what
A

Reformation Parliament

recognizes Henry VIII as head of the Church of England

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29
Q

Wives of Henry VIII and their fate

A 
Catherine of Aragon, divorced
Anne Boleyn, beheaded
Jane Seymour, died
Anne of Cleves, divorced
Catherine Howard, beheaded
Catherine Parr, survived
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30
Q

Tudor Monarchs in order

A 
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
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31
Q

Six Articles (Henry VIII)

  • nickname
  • highlights what about Henry VIII
A

The Whip with 6 Stings

Highlights that Henry VIII is Catholic at heart

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32
Q

Jesuits

  • founder
  • practices
A

Ignatius Loyola

Total perfect discipline and self control

33
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

-significance in Catholic Counter-Reformation

A

founded the Jesuits

34
Q

Council of Trent

  • who called it & why
  • when
  • main focus
A

Pope Paul III, the reformation was successful
1545-1563
Reforming internal church discipline

35
Q

Protestants and their views on marriage (2 things)

A

Clergy can marry

Divorce is allowed

36
Q

Wet Nursing

-why

A

church forbade mothers to nurse their child

social standing, vanity

37
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

  • education
  • literary work
    • what it played with regarding Spain
A

“School of Life”
Don Quixote
-reality vs. idealism

38
Q

William Shakespeare

  • organization he’s a part of
  • lived during who’s reign
  • famous for 3 types of plays
A

King’s Men
Elizabeth I
Tragedies, Comedies, Histories

39
Q

Baroque and Plain Architectural Styles

A

Baroque: elaborate, colorful
Plain: focus on gospel

40
Q

Politiques and examples

A

Someone who puts political stability over religious unity

  • Elizabeth I
  • Henry IV
41
Q

Factors that Led to Protestant Persecutions in France

A

Francis I captured in Hapsburg Valois wars
Affair of the Placards
Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Chateau-briand

42
Q

Competing Families in France after Henry II’s death

A

Bourbons
Montmorency
Guises

43
Q

Characteristics & Facts about French protestants

  • called
  • what fraction of population
  • depended on who
A

Huguenots
1/15
Aristocracy

44
Q

Event which started the French Wars of Religion

-what

A

Massacre at Vassy

  • Charles IX’s regent (Catherine de Medici) passes January Edict
  • Francis Guise massacres worshipping protestants
45
Q

Effects of the peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye

  • ends what
  • grants what to who
  • crown to who
A

the 3rd and last of the French Religious Wars
Religious Freedoms to Huguenots
Bourbons

46
Q

Characteristics of Henry IV (France)

  • previous name
  • politique?
  • war involved in
A

Henry of Navarre
Yessssss
War of the 3 Henry’s

47
Q

Facts about St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

  • when
  • who convinces who to stop what
  • numbers
    • paris
    • France
A

August 24, 1572
Catherine de Medici convinces Charles IX to stop being so nice to Protestants
3000 in Paris
20-30,000 throughout France

48
Q

Facts about the Edict of Nantes

  • who
  • recognizes what while keeping France what
  • rights to who
    • main one that causes criticism
      • the criticism
A 
Henry IV
Recognizes minority religious rights, keeps France Catholic (although he's protestant)
Rights to Minority Religions
   -fortifying cities
        -caused states within states
49
Q

Climax of English/Spanish hostilities

A

1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada

50
Q

Duration of Austrian Branch of Hapsburg’s holding of western and eastern Hapsburg lands

A

up through 1848

51
Q

Characteristics of Philip II

A

shrewd
Catholic
patron of the arts

52
Q

Condition of Spain’s economy in 16th and 17th centuries

A

increased wealth but lack of actual resources

53
Q

The Compromise

  • when
  • what
  • taken by who
  • part of the opposition to who
  • ultimately results in
A

1564
A solemn pledge to resist the decrees of the Council of Trent and the Spanish Inquisition
Dutch
Spanish in the Netherlands
A full scale revolt in the Netherlands against the Spanish

54
Q

Philip II’s foreign policy and action during first half of reign

A

Get ahold of the Mediterranean, hold back the Turkish-Ottoman Empire

55
Q

Perpetual Edict of 1577

  • signed by who
  • forces who out of where
  • gives Netherlands to who
  • ends any plans for who to do what
A

Don John (Spanish)
Spanish troops out of the Netherlands
William of Orange
For Philip II to use the Netherlands as a staging ground for invading England

56
Q

Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire

A

The Netherlands

57
Q

Successors of Edward VI of England

A

Jane Grey (9 days queen)
Mary I
Elizabeth I

58
Q

Facts about Mary I and her reign

  • religion
  • politique?
  • persecutions.. name, gives her what name
  • exiles.. who among them and what religion
  • marries who (1554)
  • property lost in 1558
A

Catholic
NO.
Marian Persectutions, 287 leading protestants killed, Bloody Mary
Marian Exiles, John Knox, presbyterianism
Philip II
Calais

59
Q

Religious Extremists who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I

A

Jesuits, Spaniards, Catholics, Puritans

60
Q

Elizabethan Settlement

  • what
  • what does each side get
A

a huge compromise between Protestants and Catholics
Catholics get the visual stuff (sacraments, art, etc.)
Protestants get the message (teachings, doctrine)

61
Q

39 Articles (Elizabeth I)

  • declares what as official religion of england
  • nickname because of it
A

-Moderate Protestantism

“Good Queen Bess”

62
Q

Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists

-what

A

Puritans: no catholic imagery or ANYTHING
Presbyterians: moderate, wanted a semi-autonomous congregation
Congregationalists: extremists, fully autonomous congregation

63
Q

Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England

(4) - NEPB

A

The Spanish Netherlands being a staging area for attack
Elizabeth “excommunicated” & viewed as heretic
English pirating
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

64
Q

Significance of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada (VDFEW)

  • victory for who
  • leads to the decline of what
  • the new european power
  • who gets the what spanish territiories
    • starts whos world empire
A 
Protestants
Spanish supremacy
France
England and the Netherlands
Starts the English World Empire
65
Q

Preconditions of the 30 years war (4) - DRPM

A

Decentralized HRE
Religious Division in the HRE
Calvinism & the Palitinate (Protestant Alliance)
Maximilian of Bavaria (Catholic League)

66
Q

Significance of Bavaria to the Thirty Years’ War

  • religion
  • supported by what country
  • basecamp for who
  • Maximilian I’s organizes what
A

Catholic
Spain
Catholics
A Catholic League

67
Q

Ecclesiastical Reservation

-what

A

Secured territories of the Catholic/Lutheran church (Land always belongs to that religion)

68
Q

Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders

A

Gateway between the east and west (highly coveted area)

69
Q

Significance of Heidelberg during mid-16th c.

A

A German Geneva (Calvinism accepted in Heidelberg)

70
Q

Defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists

  • what
  • support from who
A

Protestant Alliance

Support from Spanish Enemies (England, France, the Netherlands)

71
Q

Place of outbreak of the 30 years war

A

Bohemia - 1618

72
Q

Phases of the 30 years war (BDSF)

A
  1. Bohemian
  2. Danish
  3. Swedish
  4. Swedish-French
73
Q

Reason for beginning of 30 years war

A

Defenestration of Prague

74
Q

Defenestration of Prague:

  • what led up to it
    • who becomes king, his religion and his plans for Bohemia
    • he revokes what
    • protestant’s response
A 
Hapsburg Ferdinand (Catholic) - want Bohemia to be completely Catholic (previously tolerated Protestant pockets)
Revokes protestant freedoms
Protestants respond by throwing Ferdinand's regents out windows
75
Q

Stages of thirty years war

A

Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
Swedish-French

76
Q

Edict of Restitution

  • stage
  • reaffirms what
    • any land acquired from who before when had to what
  • reaffirms what as illegal
A

Danish Period
Catholic holdings from the Peace of Augsburg
Any land acquired by Lutherans before 1552 had to be given back
Calvinism’s illegality reaffirmed

77
Q

Battle at Breitenfeld

  • stage
  • who’s victory
    • who led the army
  • reversed what
A

Swedish Period
Protestant
Gustavus Adolphus II
Reversed the tide of the war

78
Q

Peace of Prague

  • what
  • who won’t participate
A

Germans are over it

French & Dutch refuse to participate

79
Q

Depopulation of Germany because of the 30 years war

A

1/3 killed

80
Q

Facts about the Treaty of Westphalia

  • language
  • reaffirms what
  • what religion granted legal status
  • which 2 countries independent from HRE
  • which country now an elector state
  • who is opposed, which 2 countries become the most powerful german states
A 
French
Peace of Augsburg
Calvinism
Switzerland & the Netherlands
Bavaria
the Pope
Austria & Brandenburg

AP Euro Post-Review (12 decks)

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