Chapters 20 &21 Flashcards
Characteristics of Nationalism
- the most powerful what?
- based on the idea of…
Most powerful political ideology in Europe, based on the idea that a nation is composed of people with common bonds
What were 3 conflicts that Nationalists had with the Congress of Vienna? (EMP)
Ethnicity as a basis for political unity, opposed multinational states, thought popular sovereignty was the way to select rulers
What was the one difficulty Nationalism had?
Deciding which regions should become nations
What were the 6 regions of nationalistic pressures? (AGIIOP)
Austrian Empire, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Poland
What was the definition of Liberals according to Conservatives?
Anyone who challenged conservative ideals
What was the main political goal of 19th c. liberals? Where did they get their ideas from?
Equal redistribution of land
The Enlightenment
What type of economy did 19th c. liberals favor? They wanted an economy based on what 2 things? What type of wages did they want abolished?
Laissez-Faire Economics
Talent and merit
Government wages
What were the 3 pillars of 19th c. Conservatism?
Legitimate monarchies, Landed Aristocracy, Established Churches
Who was Klemens von Metternich? What did he epitomize? What did he lead?
Prince of Austria, 19th c. Conservatism, Congress of Vienna
What were the Burschenschaftens? Who were they made up of? Where did they take place? What were they dissolved by?
Student associations made up of Liberalists and Nationalists, Germany, Carlsbad Decrees
When and where did the Spa Field Riots take place? What 2 things were suspended as a result?
England, 1816; result = suspension of habeus corpus and seditious gatherings
What was the Peterloo Massacre? How many were killed? What was taking place during?
A conservative reaction to liberalism, 11 killed, a campaign to reform parliament
What were the 6 acts formed to prevent?
Radical leaders from agitating society
What type of monarch was Louis XVIII? What was his constitution?
Constitutional, The Charter
Who were the 4 major powers of the Congress of Vienna?
Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria
What was the goal of the Concert of Europe?
Maintain a balance of power against France and Russia
Who was Ferdinand VII? What was his relation to Napoleon? What type of monarch did he say he would be?
Spanish King, brother, constitutional
What was the main demand of the First Treaty of London?
For certain political powers to recognize Greece as independent
What was the spark of independence movements throughout Latin America?
The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
Who led the Haitian Rebellion? What did he do after he succeeded and who did he declare himself as?
Toussaint L’Overture, imposed an authoritarian constitution and declared himself Governor for Life
What was the significance of the Haitian Slave Rebellion?
It was the first successful Latin American revolt against Europe
What did Tsar Alexander I do regarding reforming Russia? Who did he end up suppressing?
He knew Russia needed reforms but turned away from them - ended up suppressing liberalism and nationalism
What was the event that exposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers?
Fighting Napoleon during the Napoleonic wars (being exposed to Western Liberalism)
Who was Tsar Alexander I’s successor? Relation?
Nicholas, younger brother
Were the Northern and Southern societies liberal or conservative? What was the southern society’s main goal? Northern?
Liberal
S: wanted abolition of serfdom
N: wanted a constitutional monarchy
What were Nicholas I’s views on serfdom?
He knew it was bad but knew Russia wasn’t ready to get rid of it
What was Nicholas I’s slogan?
“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism”
What was the significance of the Decembrist Revolt?
The first Russian rebellion in which its instigators had specific political goals
Where did Nicholas I set his infringements upon other countries?
Poland
What 4 things did the 4 Ordinances do? (Restricted, Dissolved, Limited, Called)
Restricted Freedom of Press
Dissolved Chamber of Deputies
Limited suffrage to the wealthy
Called for reelection
What kind of king was Charles X? What kind of policies did he impose and who were they against?
Divine Right King, conservative policies against liberals
What was Louis Phillipe’s Monarchy called? What kind of reforms did he impose during his early reign? He was responsible for expansion where?
July Monarchy, constitutional, Northern Africa
What was the Great Reform Bill’s impact on the English electorate? Consequently, what impact did it have on the British people?
expanded the size by 50%
people had less cause for revolt