Chapters 20 &21 Flashcards
Characteristics of Nationalism
- the most powerful what?
- based on the idea of…
Most powerful political ideology in Europe, based on the idea that a nation is composed of people with common bonds
What were 3 conflicts that Nationalists had with the Congress of Vienna? (EMP)
Ethnicity as a basis for political unity, opposed multinational states, thought popular sovereignty was the way to select rulers
What was the one difficulty Nationalism had?
Deciding which regions should become nations
What were the 6 regions of nationalistic pressures? (AGIIOP)
Austrian Empire, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Poland
What was the definition of Liberals according to Conservatives?
Anyone who challenged conservative ideals
What was the main political goal of 19th c. liberals? Where did they get their ideas from?
Equal redistribution of land
The Enlightenment
What type of economy did 19th c. liberals favor? They wanted an economy based on what 2 things? What type of wages did they want abolished?
Laissez-Faire Economics
Talent and merit
Government wages
What were the 3 pillars of 19th c. Conservatism?
Legitimate monarchies, Landed Aristocracy, Established Churches
Who was Klemens von Metternich? What did he epitomize? What did he lead?
Prince of Austria, 19th c. Conservatism, Congress of Vienna
What were the Burschenschaftens? Who were they made up of? Where did they take place? What were they dissolved by?
Student associations made up of Liberalists and Nationalists, Germany, Carlsbad Decrees
When and where did the Spa Field Riots take place? What 2 things were suspended as a result?
England, 1816; result = suspension of habeus corpus and seditious gatherings
What was the Peterloo Massacre? How many were killed? What was taking place during?
A conservative reaction to liberalism, 11 killed, a campaign to reform parliament
What were the 6 acts formed to prevent?
Radical leaders from agitating society
What type of monarch was Louis XVIII? What was his constitution?
Constitutional, The Charter
Who were the 4 major powers of the Congress of Vienna?
Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria
What was the goal of the Concert of Europe?
Maintain a balance of power against France and Russia
Who was Ferdinand VII? What was his relation to Napoleon? What type of monarch did he say he would be?
Spanish King, brother, constitutional
What was the main demand of the First Treaty of London?
For certain political powers to recognize Greece as independent
What was the spark of independence movements throughout Latin America?
The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
Who led the Haitian Rebellion? What did he do after he succeeded and who did he declare himself as?
Toussaint L’Overture, imposed an authoritarian constitution and declared himself Governor for Life
What was the significance of the Haitian Slave Rebellion?
It was the first successful Latin American revolt against Europe
What did Tsar Alexander I do regarding reforming Russia? Who did he end up suppressing?
He knew Russia needed reforms but turned away from them - ended up suppressing liberalism and nationalism
What was the event that exposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers?
Fighting Napoleon during the Napoleonic wars (being exposed to Western Liberalism)
Who was Tsar Alexander I’s successor? Relation?
Nicholas, younger brother
Were the Northern and Southern societies liberal or conservative? What was the southern society’s main goal? Northern?
Liberal
S: wanted abolition of serfdom
N: wanted a constitutional monarchy
What were Nicholas I’s views on serfdom?
He knew it was bad but knew Russia wasn’t ready to get rid of it
What was Nicholas I’s slogan?
“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism”
What was the significance of the Decembrist Revolt?
The first Russian rebellion in which its instigators had specific political goals
Where did Nicholas I set his infringements upon other countries?
Poland
What 4 things did the 4 Ordinances do? (Restricted, Dissolved, Limited, Called)
Restricted Freedom of Press
Dissolved Chamber of Deputies
Limited suffrage to the wealthy
Called for reelection
What kind of king was Charles X? What kind of policies did he impose and who were they against?
Divine Right King, conservative policies against liberals
What was Louis Phillipe’s Monarchy called? What kind of reforms did he impose during his early reign? He was responsible for expansion where?
July Monarchy, constitutional, Northern Africa
What was the Great Reform Bill’s impact on the English electorate? Consequently, what impact did it have on the British people?
expanded the size by 50%
people had less cause for revolt
What is Daniel O’Connell’s nickname? What was he the spokesman for? What did he push for?
“The Liberator”
Irish Nationalism
Catholic Emancipation
Why did Great Britain support the Latin American independence movements?
So that when the wars were over, they had an ally to trade with
What were the 5 major events taking place in 1830?
- Freedom for 3 countries
- Poland’s _________ __________
- France?
Greece, Belgium, Serbia
November Uprising
July Revolution
Who were the 5 French Rulers from 1804-1848? NLCLN
Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Phillipe, Napoleon III
Where did the Industrial Revolution encourage Britain to invest in the early 19th c.?
North and South America
What was France’s population change in the 19th c.?
32 million to 36 million
When did the emancipation of serfs take place in…
- France?
- Prussia?
- Austria?
- Russia?
Fr: already freed
Prussia: 1815
Austria: 1848
Russia: 1861
What were 2 causes of the Irish Potato Famine? What were 2 effects?
C: British controlled plantations that only had potatoes, blight
E: population drop (8 mil - 4.5 mil), emigration to US
Where did the economic focus move to as a result of railway improvements?
Capital goods rather than consumer goods
What was the limit of workers in the new labor marketplace?
Absolutely no say
Who were the proletariate?
Industrial wage labor force
Who were Chartist groups? What did they want to protect? Which group brought violence?
Workers association movements looking to protect the craft, Luddites
The British Chartism movement was the first what?
Large scale political working class union
What was the purpose behind the construction of the Crystal Palace?
Celebrate the progress made in industry and commerce
What was the husband-wife relationship in early factories?
Husband = foreman; Wife = assistant
What 3 things did the English Factory Act do?
No children under the age of 9 permitted to work
People could only work up to 9 hours
Owners had to provide 2 hours of education per day
Work hours after 1847?
9 hours
What class experienced division of labor into specific gender roles?
Women - more domestic
When hiring women in a factory, they should preferably be ________. Their jobs required fewer _______, and they were paid ____.
single, skills, less
Where did most women work in France in 1850?
Textile industry
Where and when was the first organized police force?
France - 1828
Describe the trends of criminal activity in Europe during the 19th c.
Slowly but steadily up until the emergence of police forces
What was it called when the British government exiled their criminals? Why did they do it? Where did the criminals go?
Transportation, cheaper, Australia
Where was the Auburn System and Philadelphia System modeled after? What was the focus?
USA prison systems, focus on the idea of separation
What did classical economists believe was the only system that economic growth could be achieved through?
Capitalism
What did classical economists believe the roles of government should be?
Maintain trade and infrastructure, protect currency, impose taxes, ensure entrepreneurial contracts were being enforced
Explain the views of Thomas Malthus in his Essay on the Principle of Population.
food supply is linear, population growth is exponential, when the 2 lines intersect = Malthusian catastrophe
Explain the ideas of David Ricardo in his Principle of Political Economy.
Iron Law of Wages
-wages up, population up, laborers up, wages down, population down, wages up
What is utilitarianism? What is an example of it in the past and in the future?
The greatest good for the greatest number of people; past: Rousseau, future: Karl Marx
What were 3 Utopian socialist movements?
Saint-simonianism, Owenism, Fourierism
What was the main idea of Utopian Socialist Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon?
Technocracy - things should be managed by the experts
What 3 things did anarchists reject? Who were the 2 examples we talked about (one is violent and one is mutualistic)
Capitalism, Industry, Government
Violent: August Blanchi
Mutualistic: Pierre Joseph Proudhon
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto? What idea did it revolve around? Who came up with the idea?
Karl Marx, Revolution through Class Conflict (Engles & Marx)
What were the 3 sources of inspiration for the Communist Manifesto?
Hegelian Philosophy, Utopian Socialists, Classical Economists
In what 5 placed did the Revolutions of 1848 occur?
France, Hungary, Czech, Northern Italy, Prussia
Who were revolutionaries in 1848? (PUN)
political liberals, urban workers, nationalists
What were the results of the 1848 Revolutions?
All ultimately failed
What were the 2 confrontations with the public Louis Philipe had?
February Days, June Days Uprising
Where was the origin of the 1848 revolutions?
France
French Revolution of 1848: Why does Little Napoleon stage a coup d’etat? In what year does he become Emperor Napoleon?
A law is passed stating he can’t run for reelection, 1852
Who were the 2 prominent feminist movements in France?
Vesuvians and Voix de Femmes
Where were the 4 regions of revolution in the Habsburg Empire?
Vienna, Hungary, Czech, N. Italy
What was the main action of the Hungarians during their revolution?
Magyarization
Why was there a split between the German working class and German liberals?
The Frankfurt Parliament’s failure to provide meaningful legislation to workers
Why is the 19th c. called the age of isms?
Secular ideologies began to take hold in opposition to the political and social status quo
Where was the hottest spot for liberal nationalistic revolts?
Austrian Empire
What were 4 conservative measures of Lord Liverpool’s Tory?
Corn Law, universal sales tax, Combination Acts, removal of wage protection
What were some of Louis XVIII’s conservative measures in the charter?
hereditary monarchy, promised not to challenge property rights
What was the Protocol of Troppau? Why was it considered conservative?
It allowed for “stable” countries to intervene in another country if revolt was taking place, it contained liberalism
What romantic writer fought in the Greek Revolution? What did he die from?
Lord Byron, cholera
