chapters 16-19: kingdoms bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi Flashcards
what are the current six kingdoms of taxonomy
- bacteria
- archaea
- protista
- plantae
- fungi
- Animalia
determining genetic sequences then comparing and contrasting them to determine taxonomy
bioinformatics
____ is found in every living thing and therefore good for comparing and contrasting to classify taxonomy
cytochrome C
evidence indicates that aquatic plants evolved from ______
freshwater green algae (charophytes)
5 adaptations to life on land for plants
- conspicuous sporophyte that protects gametophyte and zygote
- vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
- root systems
- lignin: substance that adds rigidity to cell wall
- waterproof cuticle and stomata
bacteria are ____ cells that have a ___, ___, ___, and ___
prokaryotic
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid region with DNA
some bacteria have ___, ___, ___, ___, ___
cell wall, plasmids, pili, flagella, endospores
bacteria are the most ____ things on the plants
diverse
bacteria were originally classified based on ___, ___, ___, and ___
staining characteristics, nutrient requirements, oxygen requirements, and habitat
how are bacteria classified today
molecular data, comparing ribosomal RNA sequences
molecular data show that bacteria and archaea have different ____, ____, and ____
genetic sequences, antibiotic sensitivities, and cell wall components
how can bacteria be beneficial
break down organic waste
cycle chemical elements (O, N) between organisms and environment
production of food (vinegar, cheese)
mass-produce non food items (vitamins, enzymes, ethanol, insulin)
autotrophic bacteria are ____ and are referred to as ___
photosynthetic
cyanobacteria
autotrophic bacteria only have photosystem ___
one
viruses are an _____ meaning they need a host cell to reproduce
obligate parasite
very few plant pathogens are ___ or ___, most are ___
viral or bacterial
fungal
infectious proteins
prions
infectious RNA
viroid
protists are ___ cells that are extremely ____
eukaryotic
diverse
protists are a bridge between ___ and ___ life forms
simple and complex
animal-like protists
protozoa
fungal-like protists
slime molds
plant-like protists
algae
dinoflagellates are referred to as ____ because they have a pair of flagella that ___ as it swims
whorling whip
spins
dinoflagellates have ___ beneath the cell membrane
alveoli
dinoflagellates cause ___ that cause ___
algae blooms
red tides
dinoflagellates are ___ like
plant
ampicomplexa are ___ like protists that are a deadly ____ of all animals
animal
obligate parasite
ciliates are ___ like protists that move via ___
animal
cilia
water molds are ___ like protists
fungal
water molds cause ___ on fish, ___ of potatoes, and ___ of grapes
ick
late blight
downy mildew
diatoms are ___ like protists called ____
plant
golden algae
diatoms have two-part silica walls called ___ and are major components of ___
frustules
phytoplankton
frustules form a ___ on the ocean floor and can be used as ingredients for ___
fine powder
polishes
brown algae are large, multicellular ___
seaweeds
brown color of brown algae is due to ____
fucoxanthin (photosynthetic pigment)
___ is the best representation of the brown algae protists
giant kelp
brown algae grow in ______
shallow, cold salt water only above the 60 degree latitude line
red algae are red because of ___
phycobilin
red algae grow in _____
deep water around the equator
evidence suggests that plants developed from the ____ protist group
green algae
four plant like characteristics of green algae
use chlorophyll a + b
store starch
cellulose cell walls
most exhibit alternation of generations
two ways that green algae differ from plants
most have pyrenoids
lack true stems, roots, and leaves
regions in chloroplast that store starch
pyrenoids
fungi have ___ cells and gain nutrients by ___
eukaryotic
heterotrophy
fungi have ___ cell walls
chitin
fungi have ___ to store carbs
glycogen
fungi are ___, meaning they release enzymes into environment and absorb what is broken down by them
saprotrophic
tubular structure with chitinous cell wall that makes up fungi
hyphae
mass of tightly aligned hyphae that is usually above ground
fruiting body
mass of densely branched hyphae that is usually below ground
mycelium
fungi that have one nuclei per cell
septate / non-coenocytic
fungi that have multiple nuclei per cell
nonseptate
fungi are classified based on ___ and ___
sexual spore and fruiting body
fungi are more closely related to ___ than ___
animals
plants
ascomycetes are known as ___ because ____
sac fungi
they have structures that look like sacs where their sexual spores are produced
___ is the only unicellular sac fungus
yeast
cells with two different packages of DNA, but homologous chromosomes don’t fuse right away
dikaryotic
dikaryotic cells are a unique characteristic of ____
higher fungi
___ and ___ are two edible ascomycetes
truffles and morels
basidiomycetes are known as ___ because ___
club fungi
basidium (a golf club looking structure) is where spores are made
mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae
lichens
algae/cyanobacteria obtain ____ and ____ from fungi in lichens
minerals and water
fungi obtains ____ from algae/cyanobacteria in lichens
carbohydrates
lichens survive in habitats that are ___ to either organism alone
inhospitable
three examples of a lichen habitat that is pretty extreme
bare rock
arctic tundra
deserts
lichens cannot withstand ____
air pollution
three morphological forms of lichens
- crustose: tightly bind to substrate
- foliose: loosely attach to substrate, somewhat leaf like
- fruticose: attach to substrate at one point that grow up or hang down
