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Botany > chapters 16-19: kingdoms bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi > Flashcards

chapters 16-19: kingdoms bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi Flashcards

1
Q

what are the current six kingdoms of taxonomy

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. protista
  4. plantae
  5. fungi
  6. Animalia
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2
Q

determining genetic sequences then comparing and contrasting them to determine taxonomy

A

bioinformatics

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3
Q

____ is found in every living thing and therefore good for comparing and contrasting to classify taxonomy

A

cytochrome C

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4
Q

evidence indicates that aquatic plants evolved from ______

A

freshwater green algae (charophytes)

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5
Q

5 adaptations to life on land for plants

A
  1. conspicuous sporophyte that protects gametophyte and zygote
  2. vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
  3. root systems
  4. lignin: substance that adds rigidity to cell wall
  5. waterproof cuticle and stomata
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6
Q

bacteria are ____ cells that have a ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

prokaryotic
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid region with DNA

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7
Q

some bacteria have ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

A

cell wall, plasmids, pili, flagella, endospores

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8
Q

bacteria are the most ____ things on the plants

A

diverse

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9
Q

bacteria were originally classified based on ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

staining characteristics, nutrient requirements, oxygen requirements, and habitat

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10
Q

how are bacteria classified today

A

molecular data, comparing ribosomal RNA sequences

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11
Q

molecular data show that bacteria and archaea have different ____, ____, and ____

A

genetic sequences, antibiotic sensitivities, and cell wall components

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12
Q

how can bacteria be beneficial

A

break down organic waste
cycle chemical elements (O, N) between organisms and environment
production of food (vinegar, cheese)
mass-produce non food items (vitamins, enzymes, ethanol, insulin)

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13
Q

autotrophic bacteria are ____ and are referred to as ___

A

photosynthetic
cyanobacteria

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14
Q

autotrophic bacteria only have photosystem ___

A

one

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15
Q

viruses are an _____ meaning they need a host cell to reproduce

A

obligate parasite

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16
Q

very few plant pathogens are ___ or ___, most are ___

A

viral or bacterial
fungal

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17
Q

infectious proteins

A

prions

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18
Q

infectious RNA

A

viroid

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19
Q

protists are ___ cells that are extremely ____

A

eukaryotic
diverse

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20
Q

protists are a bridge between ___ and ___ life forms

A

simple and complex

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21
Q

animal-like protists

A

protozoa

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22
Q

fungal-like protists

A

slime molds

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23
Q

plant-like protists

A

algae

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24
Q

dinoflagellates are referred to as ____ because they have a pair of flagella that ___ as it swims

A

whorling whip
spins

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25
Q

dinoflagellates have ___ beneath the cell membrane

A

alveoli

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26
Q

dinoflagellates cause ___ that cause ___

A

algae blooms
red tides

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27
Q

dinoflagellates are ___ like

A

plant

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28
Q

ampicomplexa are ___ like protists that are a deadly ____ of all animals

A

animal
obligate parasite

29
Q

ciliates are ___ like protists that move via ___

A

animal
cilia

30
Q

water molds are ___ like protists

A

fungal

31
Q

water molds cause ___ on fish, ___ of potatoes, and ___ of grapes

A

ick
late blight
downy mildew

32
Q

diatoms are ___ like protists called ____

A

plant
golden algae

33
Q

diatoms have two-part silica walls called ___ and are major components of ___

A

frustules
phytoplankton

34
Q

frustules form a ___ on the ocean floor and can be used as ingredients for ___

A

fine powder
polishes

35
Q

brown algae are large, multicellular ___

A

seaweeds

36
Q

brown color of brown algae is due to ____

A

fucoxanthin (photosynthetic pigment)

37
Q

___ is the best representation of the brown algae protists

A

giant kelp

38
Q

brown algae grow in ______

A

shallow, cold salt water only above the 60 degree latitude line

39
Q

red algae are red because of ___

A

phycobilin

40
Q

red algae grow in _____

A

deep water around the equator

41
Q

evidence suggests that plants developed from the ____ protist group

A

green algae

42
Q

four plant like characteristics of green algae

A

use chlorophyll a + b
store starch
cellulose cell walls
most exhibit alternation of generations

43
Q

two ways that green algae differ from plants

A

most have pyrenoids
lack true stems, roots, and leaves

44
Q

regions in chloroplast that store starch

A

pyrenoids

45
Q

fungi have ___ cells and gain nutrients by ___

A

eukaryotic
heterotrophy

46
Q

fungi have ___ cell walls

A

chitin

47
Q

fungi have ___ to store carbs

A

glycogen

48
Q

fungi are ___, meaning they release enzymes into environment and absorb what is broken down by them

A

saprotrophic

49
Q

tubular structure with chitinous cell wall that makes up fungi

A

hyphae

50
Q

mass of tightly aligned hyphae that is usually above ground

A

fruiting body

51
Q

mass of densely branched hyphae that is usually below ground

A

mycelium

52
Q

fungi that have one nuclei per cell

A

septate / non-coenocytic

53
Q

fungi that have multiple nuclei per cell

A

nonseptate

54
Q

fungi are classified based on ___ and ___

A

sexual spore and fruiting body

55
Q

fungi are more closely related to ___ than ___

A

animals
plants

56
Q

ascomycetes are known as ___ because ____

A

sac fungi
they have structures that look like sacs where their sexual spores are produced

57
Q

___ is the only unicellular sac fungus

A

yeast

58
Q

cells with two different packages of DNA, but homologous chromosomes don’t fuse right away

A

dikaryotic

59
Q

dikaryotic cells are a unique characteristic of ____

A

higher fungi

60
Q

___ and ___ are two edible ascomycetes

A

truffles and morels

61
Q

basidiomycetes are known as ___ because ___

A

club fungi
basidium (a golf club looking structure) is where spores are made

62
Q

mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae

A

lichens

63
Q

algae/cyanobacteria obtain ____ and ____ from fungi in lichens

A

minerals and water

64
Q

fungi obtains ____ from algae/cyanobacteria in lichens

A

carbohydrates

65
Q

lichens survive in habitats that are ___ to either organism alone

A

inhospitable

66
Q

three examples of a lichen habitat that is pretty extreme

A

bare rock
arctic tundra
deserts

67
Q

lichens cannot withstand ____

A

air pollution

68
Q

three morphological forms of lichens

A
  1. crustose: tightly bind to substrate
  2. foliose: loosely attach to substrate, somewhat leaf like
  3. fruticose: attach to substrate at one point that grow up or hang down

Botany (11 decks)

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