chapter eight: flowers, fruits, and seeds Flashcards
___ make reproduction in plants predictable, precise, and unique
flowers
reproduction in which parent plant produces progeny that are genetically identical to each other
asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction is advantageous when ___
environmental conditions are stable
commercially, ___ and ___ are important forms of asexual reproduction
rooted cuttings and grafting
reproduction in which parent plant produces progeny that are genetically diverse
sexual reproduction
another term for sexual reproduction in plants
alternation of generations
reproductive organs of angiosperms
flowers
4 functions of a flower
- attract pollinators
- bring egg and sperm together
- form fruit
- protect developing seed
flower that has all four whorls
complete flower
flower that has both female and male reproductive structures
perfect flower
stalk of the flower; what holds all the floral parts
peduncle
flattened tip of peduncle; where the whorls attach
receptacle
the outermost whorl
calyx
the calyx is made up of ___ that are usually green and leaf like
sepals
function of the calyx
protect the flower while it is in the bud
just inside the calyx is the next whorl, called the ___
corolla
the corolla is made up of ___
petals
there are normally ___ individual petals, but sometimes they ___
three or more
fuse into one structure
function of the corolla
attract pollinators
term used to refer to both the calyx and corolla together
perianth
the whorl just inside the corolla
androecium/stamen
the androecium/stamen is the ____
male reproductive structure
the androecium produces ___
pollen
two parts of a stamen
anther
filament
the anther is the ____, and the filament is the ___
sac at the top of the filament
semi-rigid, slender tube that runs from the anther to the receptacle
the innermost whorl
gynoecium/pistil/carpel
the gynoecium is the ____
female reproductive structure
the posit produces ___
egg
three parts of the carpel
stigma
style
ovary
can there be more than one pistil in a flower
yes
a flower that lacks one or more whorl
incomplete flower
a flower that has either stamens or pistils
imperfect flower
plant with male and female flowers
monoecious
plant with male flowers or females flowers
dioecious
ovary that sits above floral whorls
superior ovary
ovary that sits below floral whorls
inferior ovary
ovary with whorls attached halfway up
half inferior/perigynous ovary
the transfer of pollen from male structure to female structure
pollination
are pollination and fertilization the same thing?
NO
sperm fuses with an egg
fertilization
how does a flower with male and female structures not fertilize itself?
the structures mature/ripen at different times
each pollen grain contains __
two sperm cells
ovary develops into ___
fruit
dicots have seeds with ___ cotyledons
two
monocots have seeds with ___ cotyledons
one
dicots have flower parts mostly in multiples of ___ or ___
fours or fives
monocots have flower parts mostly in multiples of ___
three
dicots have leaves with a ____ of primary veins
distinct network
monocots have leaves with more or less ____ primary veins
parallel
the vascular cambium and frequently cork cambium are present in ___
dicots
the vascular cambium and cork cambium are absent in ____
monocots
the vascular bundles of a stem in dicots are ___
in a ring
the vascular bundles of a stem in monocots are ___
scattered
dicots have pollen grains with mostly ___ apertures
three
monocots have pollen grains with mostly ___ apertures
one
seeds form from the ___
ovule
fruit forms from ___
ripened ovary
fruit classification is based on the condition of this
pericarp
the three layers of the pericarp (outer to inner)
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
fruits are classified based on ____, not their state when they are ____
biological maturity
harvested
three functions of fruit
- protect seed from drying out
- aid in seed dispersal
- germination
a fruit with one or more united carpels
simply fleshy fruit
three types of simple fleshy fruits
- drupe
- berry
- pome
drupes have a ___ pit and ___ carpel
hard
one
the exocarp of a drupe is ___, the mesocarp is ___, and the endocarp is ___
thin
soft and fleshy
hard and stony
there is a ____ inside the pit of a drupe
single seed
examples of drupe fruits
peach, olive, coconut, walnut, pecan, plum, cherry
the most common type of fruit
berry
berries have a ___ core and ___ seeds/carpels
fleshy
many
all three layers of a berries’ pericarp are ___
soft and fleshy
three subtypes of berries
- true berry
- pepo berry
- hesperidium berry
a true berry has ___ skin, all of the pericarp is ___, and has ____ seeds
thin, soft skin
pericarp is soft, fleshy, and juicy
multiple seeds
examples of true berries
grapes, tomatoes, blueberries, cranberries, bananas
pepo berries have an exocarp called a ___ that is relatively ___
rind
thick and hard
examples of pepo berries
watermelon, pumpkin, cucumbers, all melons
hesperidium berries have an exocarp called a ___ that is ___ and contains ___
peel
leathery
aromatic oils
hesperidium berries have a mesocarp that contains ____
juice filled sacs
examples of hesperidium berries
orange, lemon, lime, grapefruits, pretty much all citrus fruits
a pome has a ___ core, ___ derived from ovary wall and receptacle, a ___ endocarp, and seeds that sit in a ___
tough
pulp
papery
cavity lined with endocarp
example of a pome
apple
pomes have ___ left behind when we eat them
cores
type of fruit that has multiple separate carpels that give rise to one fruit
complex fleshy fruits
two types of complex fleshy fruits
aggregate
multiple
aggregate fruits develop from ___ with ___
one flower with multiple petals
examples of aggregates
blackberry, strawberry, raspberry
in a strawberry, the ___ becomes a big part of the flesh
receptable
in a blackberry or raspberry, the receptacle ___ and remnants are in the ___
withers
center of aggregated ovaries
multiple complex fleshy fruits develop from a ____; mature ovaries of many flowers ____
tight cluster of flowers
unite into a single fruit
type of fruit in which the mature fruit splits to release seeds
dehiscent dry fruit
four types of dehiscent dry fruits
- follicle
- legume
- siliques
- capsules
follicles split down the ___
side or seam
examples of follicles
milkweed, larkspur, peony
legumes split down ___
two seams
legumes are the ___ dry fruit group
largest
examples of legumes
peas, beans, lentils, carob, kudzu, mesquite, redbud, peanuts
siliques split along ___ but seeds are borne on a ____
two sides
central partition
examples of siliques
broccoli, cabbage, radish
capsules split ___
in multiple places
examples of capsules
irises, orchids, poppies, violets
indehiscent dry fruits are ones in which the mature fruit ____; seed is united with the ____
remains around the seeds
pericarp
four types of indehiscent dry fruits
- achene
- nut
- grain
- samaras
achenes have a seed attached to the pericarp only at the ___; pericarp is relatively ____ from the seed
seed’s base
easily separated
example of an achene
sunflower
nuts have a ___ seed, pericarp is ____ than that of achenes, develop with a cup or cluster of ___ at their base
single
harder and thicker
bracts
examples of nuts
acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts
grains have a pericarp that is ___ attached to the seed, cannot ____
tightly
be removed
examples of grains
corn, rice, wheat, rye, grasses
samaras have a pericarp ____ the seed that ____ in the form of a wing or membrane to aid in ___
surrounding
extends out
dispersal
examples of samaras
maples, ashes, elms
the embryo is held in ____ in a seed
suspended animation
2 functions of seeds
- protect the embryo
- aid in dispersal
a germinated embryo that is not yet mature
seedling
a dicot seed can split ____
perfectly in half
scar tissue on the face of the seed; where the seed was attached to the ovary wall
hilum
where pollen tube was attached to the seed, dot of scar tissue
micropyle
___ sperm cells swim down the ___ and pass through the ___; this is how the sperm reaches the egg
two
pollen tube
micropyle
tough, external covering of the seed
seed coat
___ can move through the seed coat, but it is almost ___; it functions to ___
gases
impermeable
protect developing embryo
bulk of seed interior; contains stored energy for the embryo
endosperm
sac that surrounds the endosperm
cotyledon
root of the embryo
radicle
stem below the cotyledon
hypocotyl
stem above the cotyledon
epicotyl
terminal bud in a seed
plumule
in a monocot, the ___ and ___ stay below ground
cotyledon and seed coat
two extra structures that monocot seeds have and dicot seeds do not
coleoptile
coleorhiza
the coleoptile is a ___
protective sheath around the stem
the coleorhiza is a ___
protective sheath around the roots
