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Botany > chapter eight: flowers, fruits, and seeds > Flashcards

chapter eight: flowers, fruits, and seeds Flashcards

1
Q

___ make reproduction in plants predictable, precise, and unique

A

flowers

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2
Q

reproduction in which parent plant produces progeny that are genetically identical to each other

A

asexual reproduction

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3
Q

asexual reproduction is advantageous when ___

A

environmental conditions are stable

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4
Q

commercially, ___ and ___ are important forms of asexual reproduction

A

rooted cuttings and grafting

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5
Q

reproduction in which parent plant produces progeny that are genetically diverse

A

sexual reproduction

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6
Q

another term for sexual reproduction in plants

A

alternation of generations

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7
Q

reproductive organs of angiosperms

A

flowers

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8
Q

4 functions of a flower

A
  1. attract pollinators
  2. bring egg and sperm together
  3. form fruit
  4. protect developing seed
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9
Q

flower that has all four whorls

A

complete flower

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10
Q

flower that has both female and male reproductive structures

A

perfect flower

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11
Q

stalk of the flower; what holds all the floral parts

A

peduncle

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12
Q

flattened tip of peduncle; where the whorls attach

A

receptacle

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13
Q

the outermost whorl

A

calyx

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14
Q

the calyx is made up of ___ that are usually green and leaf like

A

sepals

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15
Q

function of the calyx

A

protect the flower while it is in the bud

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16
Q

just inside the calyx is the next whorl, called the ___

A

corolla

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17
Q

the corolla is made up of ___

A

petals

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18
Q

there are normally ___ individual petals, but sometimes they ___

A

three or more
fuse into one structure

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19
Q

function of the corolla

A

attract pollinators

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20
Q

term used to refer to both the calyx and corolla together

A

perianth

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21
Q

the whorl just inside the corolla

A

androecium/stamen

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22
Q

the androecium/stamen is the ____

A

male reproductive structure

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23
Q

the androecium produces ___

A

pollen

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24
Q

two parts of a stamen

A

anther
filament

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25
Q

the anther is the ____, and the filament is the ___

A

sac at the top of the filament
semi-rigid, slender tube that runs from the anther to the receptacle

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26
Q

the innermost whorl

A

gynoecium/pistil/carpel

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27
Q

the gynoecium is the ____

A

female reproductive structure

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28
Q

the posit produces ___

A

egg

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29
Q

three parts of the carpel

A

stigma
style
ovary

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30
Q

can there be more than one pistil in a flower

A

yes

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31
Q

a flower that lacks one or more whorl

A

incomplete flower

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32
Q

a flower that has either stamens or pistils

A

imperfect flower

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33
Q

plant with male and female flowers

A

monoecious

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34
Q

plant with male flowers or females flowers

A

dioecious

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35
Q

ovary that sits above floral whorls

A

superior ovary

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36
Q

ovary that sits below floral whorls

A

inferior ovary

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37
Q

ovary with whorls attached halfway up

A

half inferior/perigynous ovary

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38
Q

the transfer of pollen from male structure to female structure

A

pollination

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39
Q

are pollination and fertilization the same thing?

A

NO

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40
Q

sperm fuses with an egg

A

fertilization

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41
Q

how does a flower with male and female structures not fertilize itself?

A

the structures mature/ripen at different times

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42
Q

each pollen grain contains __

A

two sperm cells

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43
Q

ovary develops into ___

A

fruit

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44
Q

dicots have seeds with ___ cotyledons

A

two

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45
Q

monocots have seeds with ___ cotyledons

A

one

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46
Q

dicots have flower parts mostly in multiples of ___ or ___

A

fours or fives

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47
Q

monocots have flower parts mostly in multiples of ___

A

three

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48
Q

dicots have leaves with a ____ of primary veins

A

distinct network

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49
Q

monocots have leaves with more or less ____ primary veins

A

parallel

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50
Q

the vascular cambium and frequently cork cambium are present in ___

A

dicots

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51
Q

the vascular cambium and cork cambium are absent in ____

A

monocots

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52
Q

the vascular bundles of a stem in dicots are ___

A

in a ring

53
Q

the vascular bundles of a stem in monocots are ___

A

scattered

54
Q

dicots have pollen grains with mostly ___ apertures

A

three

55
Q

monocots have pollen grains with mostly ___ apertures

A

one

56
Q

seeds form from the ___

A

ovule

57
Q

fruit forms from ___

A

ripened ovary

58
Q

fruit classification is based on the condition of this

A

pericarp

59
Q

the three layers of the pericarp (outer to inner)

A

exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp

60
Q

fruits are classified based on ____, not their state when they are ____

A

biological maturity
harvested

61
Q

three functions of fruit

A
  1. protect seed from drying out
  2. aid in seed dispersal
  3. germination
62
Q

a fruit with one or more united carpels

A

simply fleshy fruit

63
Q

three types of simple fleshy fruits

A
  1. drupe
  2. berry
  3. pome
64
Q

drupes have a ___ pit and ___ carpel

A

hard
one

65
Q

the exocarp of a drupe is ___, the mesocarp is ___, and the endocarp is ___

A

thin
soft and fleshy
hard and stony

66
Q

there is a ____ inside the pit of a drupe

A

single seed

67
Q

examples of drupe fruits

A

peach, olive, coconut, walnut, pecan, plum, cherry

68
Q

the most common type of fruit

A

berry

69
Q

berries have a ___ core and ___ seeds/carpels

A

fleshy
many

70
Q

all three layers of a berries’ pericarp are ___

A

soft and fleshy

71
Q

three subtypes of berries

A
  1. true berry
  2. pepo berry
  3. hesperidium berry
72
Q

a true berry has ___ skin, all of the pericarp is ___, and has ____ seeds

A

thin, soft skin
pericarp is soft, fleshy, and juicy
multiple seeds

73
Q

examples of true berries

A

grapes, tomatoes, blueberries, cranberries, bananas

74
Q

pepo berries have an exocarp called a ___ that is relatively ___

A

rind
thick and hard

75
Q

examples of pepo berries

A

watermelon, pumpkin, cucumbers, all melons

76
Q

hesperidium berries have an exocarp called a ___ that is ___ and contains ___

A

peel
leathery
aromatic oils

77
Q

hesperidium berries have a mesocarp that contains ____

A

juice filled sacs

78
Q

examples of hesperidium berries

A

orange, lemon, lime, grapefruits, pretty much all citrus fruits

79
Q

a pome has a ___ core, ___ derived from ovary wall and receptacle, a ___ endocarp, and seeds that sit in a ___

A

tough
pulp
papery
cavity lined with endocarp

80
Q

example of a pome

A

apple

81
Q

pomes have ___ left behind when we eat them

A

cores

82
Q

type of fruit that has multiple separate carpels that give rise to one fruit

A

complex fleshy fruits

83
Q

two types of complex fleshy fruits

A

aggregate
multiple

84
Q

aggregate fruits develop from ___ with ___

A

one flower with multiple petals

85
Q

examples of aggregates

A

blackberry, strawberry, raspberry

86
Q

in a strawberry, the ___ becomes a big part of the flesh

A

receptable

87
Q

in a blackberry or raspberry, the receptacle ___ and remnants are in the ___

A

withers
center of aggregated ovaries

88
Q

multiple complex fleshy fruits develop from a ____; mature ovaries of many flowers ____

A

tight cluster of flowers
unite into a single fruit

89
Q

type of fruit in which the mature fruit splits to release seeds

A

dehiscent dry fruit

90
Q

four types of dehiscent dry fruits

A
  1. follicle
  2. legume
  3. siliques
  4. capsules
91
Q

follicles split down the ___

A

side or seam

92
Q

examples of follicles

A

milkweed, larkspur, peony

93
Q

legumes split down ___

A

two seams

94
Q

legumes are the ___ dry fruit group

A

largest

95
Q

examples of legumes

A

peas, beans, lentils, carob, kudzu, mesquite, redbud, peanuts

96
Q

siliques split along ___ but seeds are borne on a ____

A

two sides
central partition

97
Q

examples of siliques

A

broccoli, cabbage, radish

98
Q

capsules split ___

A

in multiple places

99
Q

examples of capsules

A

irises, orchids, poppies, violets

100
Q

indehiscent dry fruits are ones in which the mature fruit ____; seed is united with the ____

A

remains around the seeds
pericarp

101
Q

four types of indehiscent dry fruits

A
  1. achene
  2. nut
  3. grain
  4. samaras
102
Q

achenes have a seed attached to the pericarp only at the ___; pericarp is relatively ____ from the seed

A

seed’s base
easily separated

103
Q

example of an achene

A

sunflower

104
Q

nuts have a ___ seed, pericarp is ____ than that of achenes, develop with a cup or cluster of ___ at their base

A

single
harder and thicker
bracts

105
Q

examples of nuts

A

acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts

106
Q

grains have a pericarp that is ___ attached to the seed, cannot ____

A

tightly
be removed

107
Q

examples of grains

A

corn, rice, wheat, rye, grasses

108
Q

samaras have a pericarp ____ the seed that ____ in the form of a wing or membrane to aid in ___

A

surrounding
extends out
dispersal

109
Q

examples of samaras

A

maples, ashes, elms

110
Q

the embryo is held in ____ in a seed

A

suspended animation

111
Q

2 functions of seeds

A
  1. protect the embryo
  2. aid in dispersal
112
Q

a germinated embryo that is not yet mature

A

seedling

113
Q

a dicot seed can split ____

A

perfectly in half

114
Q

scar tissue on the face of the seed; where the seed was attached to the ovary wall

A

hilum

115
Q

where pollen tube was attached to the seed, dot of scar tissue

A

micropyle

116
Q

___ sperm cells swim down the ___ and pass through the ___; this is how the sperm reaches the egg

A

two
pollen tube
micropyle

117
Q

tough, external covering of the seed

A

seed coat

118
Q

___ can move through the seed coat, but it is almost ___; it functions to ___

A

gases
impermeable
protect developing embryo

119
Q

bulk of seed interior; contains stored energy for the embryo

A

endosperm

120
Q

sac that surrounds the endosperm

A

cotyledon

121
Q

root of the embryo

A

radicle

122
Q

stem below the cotyledon

A

hypocotyl

123
Q

stem above the cotyledon

A

epicotyl

124
Q

terminal bud in a seed

A

plumule

125
Q

in a monocot, the ___ and ___ stay below ground

A

cotyledon and seed coat

126
Q

two extra structures that monocot seeds have and dicot seeds do not

A

coleoptile
coleorhiza

127
Q

the coleoptile is a ___

A

protective sheath around the stem

128
Q

the coleorhiza is a ___

A

protective sheath around the roots

Botany (11 decks)

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