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Botany > Chapter Eleven: Growth and Development > Flashcards

Chapter Eleven: Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

plant growth and development is regulated by ____

A

hormones

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2
Q

what are the 5 plant hormones

A
  1. auxins
  2. gibberellins
  3. cytokinins
  4. ethylene
  5. abscisic acid (ABA)
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3
Q

plants do not have a(n) ___ or ___ system

A

endocrine or nervous

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4
Q

a chemical substance produced in one place that stimulates something somewhere else

A

hormone

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5
Q

a hormone that impacts the cell it is produced in

A

autocrine

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6
Q

plants interact with their environment through their ____

A

growth

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7
Q

meristematic tissues are regulated by ____

A

hormones

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8
Q

our overall understanding of plant hormones is ____, especially compared to our understanding of animal hormones

A

premature

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9
Q

the first hormone discovered in plants

A

auxin

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10
Q

auxins promote ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

cell division, elongation, maturation, and genetic competence

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11
Q

auxins are involved in every _____

A

growth phenomenon (promotion and inhibition)

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12
Q

auxins promote ____, meaning that the plants are generally dominant at the tip

A

apical dominance

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13
Q

auxins are synthesized in ___, ___, and ___

A

shoot tips, young leaves, and seed embryos

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14
Q

4 major actions of auxins

A
  1. promotes cell elongation
  2. inhibits growth of lateral buds
  3. inhibits lead and fruit abscission
  4. stimulates synthesis of ethylene
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15
Q

growth toward a light source

A

phototropism

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16
Q

most active naturally occurring auxin

A

IAA

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17
Q

two commercial uses of IAA

A
  1. stimulates root growth in cuttings
  2. stimulates some plants to produce fruit without being fertilized
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18
Q

agent orange; used in Vietnam war to kill broadleaf plants; harmful to soldiers

A

2,4,5-T

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19
Q

gibberellins are synthesized in ___ and ___

A

young shoots and developing seeds

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20
Q

3 major actions of gibberellins

A
  1. promotes elongation of cells
  2. stimulates flowering and fruit development
  3. stimulates seed germination
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21
Q

2 commercial uses of gibberellins

A
  1. elongates flower stems of cyclamen plants
  2. lengthens stems of grapes and increases fruit size
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22
Q

a ____ amount go gibberellins is needed to produce a large response

A

small

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23
Q

cytokinins are synthesized in ___, ___, and ___

A

roots, embryos, and fruits

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24
Q

3 major actions of cytokinins

A
  1. stimulates cytokinesis
  2. stimulates growth of lateral buds
  3. delays leaf senescence
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25
Q

effects of cytokinins are influenced by _____

A

auxin concentration

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26
Q

if the apical meristem is intact or close by, auxin in that meristem will ______

A

suppress lateral growth (apical dominance)

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27
Q

3 commercial uses of cytokinins

A
  1. extends shelf life of leafy vegetables
  2. keeps cut flowers fresh
  3. promotes branching in Christmas trees
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28
Q

ethylene is only ___ hormone, unlike the others which are a ____

A

one
group

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29
Q

ethylene is growth ____

A

inhibiting

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30
Q

ethylene is the only plant hormone that is a ____

A

gas

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31
Q

ethylene is synthesized in ____

A

all plants parts

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32
Q

3 major actions of ethylene

A
  1. promotes fruit ripening
  2. stimulates leaf and flower senescence
  3. stimulates leaf and fruit abscission
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33
Q

commercial use of ethylene

A

ripe climacteric fruits that are picked green

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34
Q

fruits that enter a ripening phase

A

climacteric fruits

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35
Q

once climacteric fruits enter the ripening phase, they will ______

A

ripen on or off the vine

36
Q

non-climacteric fruits do not respond to ____

A

ethylene

37
Q

the stress hormone

A

abscisic acid (ABA)

38
Q

ABA helps plants cope with _____

A

adverse conditions

39
Q

abscisic acid is synthesized in ___ and ___

A

mature leaves and plants under stress

40
Q

3 major actions of abscisic acid (ABA)

A
  1. inhibits growth
  2. closes stomata
  3. induces and maintains seed dormancy
41
Q

one commercial use for ABA

A

inhibits growth of plants that are able to be shipped for manufacture

42
Q

plants move with ___ and ___

A

precision and intention

43
Q

plant growth directed toward or away from an environmental stimulus

A

tropic movement

44
Q

growth in response to unidirectional light

A

phototropism

45
Q

____ are primarily phototrophic

A

plant shoots

46
Q

bending of plant shoots results from ____ on shaded side of plant

A

auxin accumulation

47
Q

growth in response to gravity

A

gravitropism

48
Q

___ are primarily gravitropic

A

roots

49
Q

___ and ___ are negatively gravitropic

A

shoots and stems

50
Q

____ in root cells function as statoliths (gravity detectors)

A

amyloplasts

51
Q

a shift in the statolith signals in amyloplasts causes a ____

A

redistribution of auxin

52
Q

growth in response to touch

A

thigmotropism

53
Q

passion vine tendrils exhibit ____ thigmotropism

A

positive

54
Q

plant movements that are not oriented with respect to a stimulus

A

mastic movements

55
Q

a mastic response to touch

A

thigmonasty

56
Q

example of thigmonasty

A

leaflet folding of “sensitive plant”

57
Q

how does thigmonasty in the sensitive plant work

A

rapid movement of water internally

58
Q

mastic response to the daily rhythms of light and dark

A

nyctinasty

59
Q

nyctinasty is also referred to as ____

A

sleep movement

60
Q

____ is the main trigger for responses to seasonal changes

A

light

61
Q

___ and ___ also have influences on plant responses to seasonal changes

A

temperature and water availability

62
Q

4 plant processes that occur at specific times of the year

A
  1. flowering
  2. seed germination
  3. senescence
  4. dormancy
63
Q

grey/blueish pigment found in all plants

A

phytochrome

64
Q

phytochrome is sensitive to ___ and ___

A

red light and infrared light

65
Q

two forms of phytochrome

A
  1. PR (phytochrome red)
  2. PFR (phytochrome far red)
66
Q

___ is the active form of phytochrome

A

phytochrome far red PFR

67
Q

red wavelengths are used by plants to measure ____

A

day length (really night length)

68
Q

the number of hours of light in a 24 hour day

A

photoperiod

69
Q

when phytochrome is exposed to red wavelengths, it chemically changes to the ____ form

A

PFR (active)

70
Q

when red wavelengths diminish, phytochrome chemically changes to the ____ form

A

PR (inactive)

71
Q

4 categories of flowering plants

A
  1. long day
  2. short day
  3. day neutral
  4. intermediate
72
Q

____ is important for plants to detect to know when to carry out certain processes

A

uninterrupted darkness

73
Q

why do plants detect uninterrupted darkness instead of day light?

A

quality of light can vary from day to day, but darkness it generally the same every night

74
Q

critical length of light period

A

12-14 hours

75
Q

bloom when light periods are longer than critical length

A

long day plants

76
Q

long day plants bloom in the ___ and ___

A

late spring and early summer

77
Q

bloom when light periods are shorter than critical length

A

short day plants

78
Q

short day plants bloom in the ___ and ___

A

late summer and fall

79
Q

do not rely on photoperiod to stimulate flowering

A

day neutral plants

80
Q

day neutral plants bloom in the ___, ___, and ___ and are typically located in the ____

A

spring, summer and fall
tropics

81
Q

if seeds are buried too deep, phytochrome can’t convert to PFR, and _____ will not occur

A

seed germination

82
Q

red light ____ germination
far red light ____ germination

A

stimulates (PR -> PFR)
inhibits (PFR -> PR)

83
Q

destruction of chlorophyll and production of anthocyanin in autumn

A

leaf senescence

84
Q

a period of decreased metabolism in plants

A

dormancy

85
Q

leaf senescence and dormancy are impacted by _____

A

phytochrome

Botany (11 decks)

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