Chapter Four: Plant Tissues Flashcards
four basic tissue types that make up gymnosperms and angiosperms
- meristems
- ground tissue
- dermal tissue
- vascular tissue
regions of active cell division
meristems
meristems contain ____ cells
undifferentiated
meristem that is located near the tips of shoots and roots in all plants
apical meristem
three types of primary tissue
- protoderm
- procambium
- ground meristem
the protoderm gives rise to the ____
epidermis
the procambium gives rise to the ___ and ___
primary xylem and primary phloem
the ground meristem gives rise to the ___ and ___
cortex and pith
pith is found in the central region of ____
monocots
apical meristems allow shoots and roots to ____; this is known as ____
lengthen
primary growth
located near older roots and shoots of woody dicots and gymnosperms
lateral meristems (cambia)
gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem
vascular cambium
gives rise to outer bark
cork cambium
lateral meristems allow shoots and roots in ___; this is known as ___
increase in girth
secondary growth
located at the base of grass plants, allows grass to regrow after being cut back
intercalated meristems
makes up the bulk of plant interior
ground tissue
3 cell types in ground tissue
- parenchyma
- sclerenchyma
- collenchyma
parenchyma cells have a ___ cell wall
thin
parenchyma cells function in ___, ___, and ___
cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and storage of metabolic products
sclerenchyma cells have a ___ cell wall and are ___ at maturity
thick
dead
sclerenchyma cells function to support ____ regions of plants; aka ___ support
non-growing
rigid
two different types of sclerenchyma
sclerids, fibers
collenchyma cells have a ___ cell
unevenly thick
collenchyma cells function to support growing regions of ___
shoots
a single layer of tightly packed cells covering plants
dermal tissue
waxy coating produced by epidermis of stems and leaves
cuticle
term for the wax that is produced by epidermis
cutin
cuticle functions to ___ and ___
protect plant and conserve water
pores extending through epidermis
stomata
stomata are made up of ___ and ___
some (the pore) and two specialized epidermal cells
specialized epidermal cells in a stomata that can rapidly take on or release water to either open or close the stoma
guard cells
when guard cells take in water, the pore ___;
when guard cells release water, the pore ___
opens
closes
the stomata regulates _____
gas and water exchange with the environment
epidermal outgrowths
trichomes
root hairs increase ____ for ____
surface area
absorption of water
lead hairs slow ____ which reduces ____
air movement over leaf
water loss
some trichomes deter ____
predators
specialized conducting tissue in plants
vascular tissue
vascular tissue is ___, meaning it is made up of more than one ___
complex
cell type
transports water and dissolved materials from roots to shoots
xylem
xylem only transports water and materials in the direction of ____
roots to shoots (up the plant)
why does xylem only transport water up the plant
transpiration creates a negative pressure, so the water moves up
xylem consists of ___ and ___
tracheids and vessel elements
tracheids have ___ ends and are more ___ than vessel elements
tapered, narrow
tracheids transport water under ___ pressure
higher
tracheids have ___ that allow for ___ transport
pits
lateral
vessel elements are built like ___
drinking straws
vessel elements are lined up in long pathways called ___; they transport water at ___ pressure
vessels
low
xylem tissue is ___ at maturity
dead
xylem have ___ secondary cell walls
thick
___, ___, and ___ are also found in xylem
parenchymal cells, ray tissue, and fiber
ray tissue is specifically designed for ___
lateral transport
phloem is always associated with ___
xylem
phloem transports ____ throughout the plant
organic compounds
phloem consists of ___ and ___
sieve tube members and companion cells
sieve cells have ___ on the end of the tube to help regulate ___ and ___
screens
flow and pressure
companion cells function only to
protect and support sieve cells
phloem tissue is ___ at maturity
alive
___, ___, and ___ also found in phloem
parenchyma, ray tissue, and fiber
phloem transports organic molecules in the direction of ___
roots to shoots (up) AND shoots to roots (down)
all plants are built from ___ tissue
primary
some plants develop ___ and ___ to replace primary tissue
vascular cambium and cork cambium
the vascular cambium and cork cambium allow for growth in ___ and replacement of ___ with ___
diameter
primary tissue with secondary tissue
all secondary tissues fall into the category of ___ or ___
wood or bark
secondary xylem
wood
wood is added by the ___
vascular cambium
secondary phloem
bark
the inner bark is constantly compressed by ___ and ___
wood growth and outer bark growth
outer bark comes from ____
cork cambium
