Chapter Five: Roots Flashcards

1
Q

underground part of a plant

A

roots

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2
Q

3 major functions of roots

A
  1. anchor plant to substrate
  2. absorb, transport, and store water and minerals
  3. absorb oxygen
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3
Q

two main types of roots

A
  1. taproots
  2. fibrous roots
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4
Q

taproots are primarily found in ___

A

monocots

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5
Q

in taproots, the radical becomes the ___

A

mature root system

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6
Q

fibrous roots are primarily found in ___

A

dicots

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7
Q

in fibrous roots, the radical ___ a few days after sprouting

A

dies

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8
Q

in fibrous roots, the mature root system develops from ____

A

adventitious roots from the meristem

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9
Q

four areas of the root tip

A
  1. root cap
  2. zone of cell division
  3. zone of elongation
  4. zone of maturation
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10
Q

the root cap is a cluster of ____ that function to ___

A

parenchymal cells
protect the growing tip of the root

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11
Q

a root will continue to grow until ____

A

its root cap is worn off

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12
Q

the root cap also secretes a ____ that functions to ___

A

slimy substance
lubricate the root’s passage through the soil

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13
Q

the zone of cell division consists of the ____; it is where most ____ takes place

A

apical meristem
cell division

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14
Q

the ___ merges with the apical meristem

A

zone of elongation

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15
Q

what do cells do in the zone of elongation

A

grow several times their original length and somewhat wider

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16
Q

which structure inside the cells forms in the zone of elongation

A

tiny vacuoles merge and grow together into one or two large vacuoles

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17
Q

cells in the zone of maturation ____ and ____ also form here

A

differentiate into cell types
root hairs

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18
Q

root hairs are extensions of the ____

A

epidermis

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19
Q

3 functions of root hairs

A
  1. absorb water and minerals
  2. adhere to the soil
  3. increase total absorptive surface for the root
20
Q

refines and regulates water’s passage into and out of the vascular stele

A

endodermis

21
Q

the endodermis is ___ thick

A

one cell layer

22
Q

bands that surround endodermal cells that only allow water to pass through the face and rear

A

Casparian strips

23
Q

wax that is in casparian strips

A

suberin

24
Q

meristematic tissue in roots

A

pericycle

25
Q

the pericycle surrounds ___ and sits just inside the ___

A

vascular tissue
endodermis

26
Q

the pericycle is ___ thick

A

one cell layer

27
Q

the pericycle gives rise to ___

A

lateral roots

28
Q

lateral roots grow when ___ or ___

A

root cap wears off and root stops growing or in the zone of maturation while apical growth is still occurring

29
Q

which tissues do lateral roots have to grow through

A

endodermis, cortex, and epidermis

30
Q

roots that are modified to enlarge and store large quantities of starch and other carbs

A

storage roots

31
Q

the starch and carbs help in storage roots can later be used for ___

A

extensive growth

32
Q

some plants have ____, especially plants in arid environments or plants that live where precipitation is rare

A

water storage roots

33
Q

spongy roots located on plants that live in water that extend above the water to enhance gas exchange

A

pneumatophores

34
Q

why are pneumatophores necessary

A

plants that live in the water might not get enough gas exchange in their roots because oxygen concentration of water is low

35
Q

roots that function to prevent loss of moisture

A

aerial roots

36
Q

roots that function to pull the plant deeper into the soil

A

contractile root

37
Q

huge roots toward the base of a tree trunk that give the tree great stability

A

buttress roots

38
Q

when are parasitic roots beneficial

A

some plants do not produce chlorophyll, so they have to rely on chlorophyll producing plants for their nutrition; these roots can parasitize the chlorophyll producing plant to gain access to this

39
Q

as association that most plants have with fungi

A

mycorrhizae

40
Q

mycorrhizae greatly enhances the plants ability to ___, ___ and ___

A

eat, drink, and breathe from the soil

41
Q

mycorrhizae can help get rid of ___ for the plant

A

nematodes or other harmful things

42
Q

mycorrhizae can sometimes connect ____

A

all the plants in a community

43
Q

why is it so difficult for a grassland to grow back after being tilled

A

the mycorrhizal connections are cut, which take thousands of years to form; therefore, the land will probably just grow back as a forest

44
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

rhizobium

45
Q

plants cannot convert nitrogen gas to ____

A

usable forms

46
Q

rhizobium produce the ___ necessary to convert nitrogen gas into something that plants can use

A

enzymes

47
Q

contain large amounts of rhizobium on a plant

A

root nodules