Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology by G > Chapters 13 and 14 > Flashcards

Chapters 13 and 14 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pre-Darwin Ideas

A

early Greek philosophers: Simpler life forms preceded more complex ones
Aristotle: Species are fixed and do not evolve
Judeo-Christian biblical view: All species were individually designed by a divine creator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

supporting ideas regarding Darwinian evolution

A

Buffon: Earth older than 6,000 years
Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lyell: geological processes that shape Earth are uniform through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what did Darwin observe on the HMS Beagle?

A
  1. there are variations amongst species
    1. organisms are well suited to their environments
    2. organisms adapt to surroundings
    3. differences in organisms according to environments they inhabited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do fossils provide evidence for evolution?

A

they document changes that life has undergone over time

they show the transitional forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

comparative anatomy

A

homologous structures
analogous structures
vestigial structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

homologous structures

A

similar in structure, but in different organisms have different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

analogous structures

A

similar in function but not in origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of structures that had a function in an early ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

comparative embryology

A

similarities in early development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

molecular biology

A

DNA/amino acid/protein comparisons

homeobox genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

homeobox genes

A

master control genes, regulate groups of other genes during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

artificial selection

A
  1. supports the idea of natural selection

2. nature provides the variation, humans select favorites thus playing the role of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

biogeography

A
  1. geographical distribution of living species

2. supports common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the significance of mutations?

A

Can create new alleles

Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can affect a population’s gene pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the significance of sexual recombination?

A

generates variation by shuffling alleles during meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

population

A

individuals of a species that live in a given area at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gene pool

A

total collection of genes in a population at any one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

microevolution

A

the change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population over several generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A
  1. very large
  2. isolated (no migration)
  3. no mutations in alleles
  4. mating is random
  5. no selection (ALL individuals = in reproductive success)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does p represent in H-W equation?

A

p = dominant allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does q represent in H-W equation?

A

q = recessive allele

22
Q

genetic drift

A

change in gene pool of a population due to chance (the smaller the population the higher the impact)

23
Q

bottleneck effect

A

event that drastically reduces population size (natural disaster)

24
Q

founder effect

A

colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals (Darwin’s finches)

25
Q

gene flow

A

migration between populations reducing differences between populations
current human populations

26
Q

evolutionary fitness

A

relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
best fit are those producing most fertile offspring
selection indirectly adapts a population to its environment by acting on phenotype

27
Q

what are the types of selection?

A

stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection

28
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate phenotypes

29
Q

directional selection

A

acts against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

30
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

31
Q

why do no perfect organisms exist?

A

organisms are limited by historical constraints – come from ancestral forms.
adaptations are often compromises.
chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.
selection can only edit existing variations.

32
Q

speciation

A

origin of new species

33
Q

species

A

population whose members interbreed naturally and produce fertile offspring

34
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of two different species

35
Q

reproductive barrier

A

biological feature preventing interbreeding

36
Q

prezygotic

A

prevent mating or fertilization

37
Q

prezygotic situations

A 
habitat
temporal
behavioral
mechanical
gametic
38
Q

habitat (reproductive barrier)

A

lack of opportunities to meet

39
Q

temporal (reproductive barrier)

A

breed at different times

40
Q

behavioral (reproductive barrier)

A

failure to send/receive mating signals

41
Q

mechanical (reproductive barrier

A

physical imcompatibility

42
Q

gametic (reproductive barrier)

A

molecular incompatibility

43
Q

what is the difference between macroevolution and microevolution?

A

macroevolution is Darwinism - the big picture over millions of years
microevolution is looking at the genes - it’s the DNA that changes that makes those big changes over time

44
Q

why can it be difficult to differentiate between two different species?

A

sometimes they may have similar features and still not able to reproduce
sometimes two different species can reproduce

45
Q

postzygotic

A

operate after hybrid zygotes are formed

46
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

interaction of parental genes impairs hybrid’s development/survival

47
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrids develop/survive but are sterile

48
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

hybrids develop/survive but their offspring are weak or sterile

49
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in unrelated species
analogous structures

50
Q

divergent evolution

A

species with common ancestry evolve differently

homologous structures

Biology by G (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions