Ch. Test 3 Flashcards
explain why carbon is “unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules.”
It can go off in four directions and bond with four other atoms.
define hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds made of carbons and hydrogens only
explain why hydrocarbons are important to living things
They help create macromolecules
explain why isomers, which have the same formulae, have different properties.
They have different structural formulas.
define isomers
Molecules with identical molecular formulas (the same number of atoms of each element)
list the four main classes of macromolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
elements of carbohydrates
CH2O
monomers of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
purposes of carbohydrates
main fuel for cellular work, use C skeleton to manufacture other organic molecules, provide structure for cells
examples of carbohydrates
glucose, maltose, sucrose
elements of lipids
mainly C and H (some O)
monomers of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
purposes of lipids
E storage, cushions for organs, insulation
examples of lipids
fats, oils, waxes
elements of proteins
contain HONC
monomers of proteins
amino acids
purposes of proteins
energy storage, repairs and builds body’s tissues, enzymes speed up chemical reactions
examples of proteins
enzymes, eggs, structural proteins, defensive proteins, etc.
elements of nucleic acids
contains HONCP
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
purpose of nucleic acids
blueprints for proteins
examples of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
describe the relationship between monomers and polymers
monomers are small molecules, when joined together create larger molecules like polymers. Variety in polymers accounts for uniqueness of each organism however, monomers are universal
dehydration synthesis
monomers are joined to form a polymer while a molecule of water is lost
hydrolysis
a polymer is broken into monomers when a molecule of water is added
explain the importance of enzymes in dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis
an enzyme is used to catalyze the reaction
difference between monosaccharides and monomers?
a monomers is the most basic unit of any polymer, while monosaccharides are the most basic unit of any carbohydrate polymer
difference between macromolecule and polymer
they are the same thing
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids
peptic bonds
covalent bonds b/w amino acids
the four levels of structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary structure
unique sequence of amino acids forming polypeptide
secondary structure
coiling or folding of chain, stabilized by H bonding - can be an alfa helix or a pleated sheet
tertiary structure
overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide
quaternary structure
association of 2 or more polypeptide chains called subunits
explain the relevance of the denaturing of a protein
shape of polypeptide is changed, it uncoils into a random shape
enzymes
proteins that act as biological catalysts
explain the importance of enzymes in biology
enzymes are a protein molecule, and they play an important role of speeding up the repairing of cells
six functional groups
hydroxyl: -OH (ethanol)
carbonyl: -CO (simple sugar)
carboxyl: -COOH (some acids)
amino: -NH2 (amino acids)
phosphate: -OPO32- (ATP)
methyl: -CH3 (DNA)
