Chapter 4 Flashcards
cytoplasm
supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules, where processes occur
plant and animal
cytosol
provides structural support
plant and animal
cell membrane
separates the interior of the cell from the outside
regulates transport of material
plant and animal
nucleus
controls and regulates the activities of the cell
carries genes
plant and animal
nuclear envelope
separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
provides structural framework
plant and animal
nucleolus
where ribosomes are made
plant and animal
rough er
helps make and process proteins
plant and animal
smooth er
synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
breaks down toxins
plant and animal
ribosome
makes proteins for the cell
reads code from dna, creates proteins
plant and animal
lysosome
degrading and recycling cellular waste
cellular signaling
energy metabolism in bacteria
plant and animal
vacuole
in plants: holds water
in animals: holds water and breaks down food
plant and animal
chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurs
plant
mitochondrion
powerhouse of the cell
breaks down glucose
plant and animal
cytoskeleton: microfilaments
gives shape to the cell
supports its internal parts
plant and animal
cytoskeleton: intermediate filament
provides mechanical support for plasma membrane where it comes into contact with other cells
plant and animal
cytoskeleton: microtubules
regulates cell growth and movement and key signaling events
plant and animal
cytoskeleton: cilia
moves water relative to the cell in a regular movement
animal
cytoskeleton: flagella
enables movement and chemotaxis
animal
vesicle
helps transport materials
recycles waste
plant and animal
what are the four main categories of the eukaryotic organelles/structures
genetic control
manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown
energy processing
support, movement, and communication between cells
plasmodesma
microscopic channels enable transport and communication between cells
cell theory
- all organisms are composed of cells
- cells are the smallest working unit of an organism
- cells come from preexisting cells
why do cells have a minimum size
the minimum size is determined by the total size of all molecules required for cellular activity
why do cells have a maximum size
the maximum size is determined by the need for sufficient surface area to carry out functions
how do you calculate surface area
(l x w)6
how do you calculate volume ratio
cube the side length
what is the basic chemical structure of a phospholipid
a phospholipid has two hydrophobic fatty acid tails which are nonpolar, and one phosphate group within a hydrophilic glycerol head which is polar.
surface area
surface area determines the surface measurements of the cell membrane, as volume increases, you will have more need for surface area
explain how the term selectively permeable is related to the phospholipid bilayer
small, nonpolar molecules pass more easily
large, polar molecules/ions do not pass as easily
The proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are what let these molecules in
endosymbiont theory
eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes
evidence supporting endosymbiont theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, resemble prokaryotes in size, and can reproduce on their own
tight junctions
prevent leakage
ex. the intestine
anchoring junctions
fasten cells together to limit mechanical stress/stretching
ex skin
gap junctions
substances flow between cells
ex heart
