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Biology by G > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cytoplasm

A

supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules, where processes occur
plant and animal

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2
Q

cytosol

A

provides structural support

plant and animal

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3
Q

cell membrane

A

separates the interior of the cell from the outside
regulates transport of material
plant and animal

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4
Q

nucleus

A

controls and regulates the activities of the cell
carries genes
plant and animal

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5
Q

nuclear envelope

A

separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
provides structural framework
plant and animal

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6
Q

nucleolus

A

where ribosomes are made

plant and animal

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7
Q

rough er

A

helps make and process proteins

plant and animal

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8
Q

smooth er

A

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
breaks down toxins
plant and animal

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9
Q

ribosome

A

makes proteins for the cell
reads code from dna, creates proteins
plant and animal

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10
Q

lysosome

A

degrading and recycling cellular waste
cellular signaling
energy metabolism in bacteria
plant and animal

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11
Q

vacuole

A

in plants: holds water
in animals: holds water and breaks down food
plant and animal

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12
Q

chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs

plant

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13
Q

mitochondrion

A

powerhouse of the cell
breaks down glucose
plant and animal

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14
Q

cytoskeleton: microfilaments

A

gives shape to the cell
supports its internal parts
plant and animal

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15
Q

cytoskeleton: intermediate filament

A

provides mechanical support for plasma membrane where it comes into contact with other cells
plant and animal

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16
Q

cytoskeleton: microtubules

A

regulates cell growth and movement and key signaling events

plant and animal

17
Q

cytoskeleton: cilia

A

moves water relative to the cell in a regular movement

animal

18
Q

cytoskeleton: flagella

A

enables movement and chemotaxis

animal

19
Q

vesicle

A

helps transport materials
recycles waste
plant and animal

20
Q

what are the four main categories of the eukaryotic organelles/structures

A

genetic control
manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown
energy processing
support, movement, and communication between cells

21
Q

plasmodesma

A

microscopic channels enable transport and communication between cells

22
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of cells
  2. cells are the smallest working unit of an organism
  3. cells come from preexisting cells
23
Q

why do cells have a minimum size

A

the minimum size is determined by the total size of all molecules required for cellular activity

24
Q

why do cells have a maximum size

A

the maximum size is determined by the need for sufficient surface area to carry out functions

25
Q

how do you calculate surface area

A

(l x w)6

26
Q

how do you calculate volume ratio

A

cube the side length

27
Q

what is the basic chemical structure of a phospholipid

A

a phospholipid has two hydrophobic fatty acid tails which are nonpolar, and one phosphate group within a hydrophilic glycerol head which is polar.

28
Q

surface area

A

surface area determines the surface measurements of the cell membrane, as volume increases, you will have more need for surface area

29
Q

explain how the term selectively permeable is related to the phospholipid bilayer

A

small, nonpolar molecules pass more easily
large, polar molecules/ions do not pass as easily
The proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are what let these molecules in

30
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes

31
Q

evidence supporting endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, resemble prokaryotes in size, and can reproduce on their own

32
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent leakage

ex. the intestine

33
Q

anchoring junctions

A

fasten cells together to limit mechanical stress/stretching

ex skin

34
Q

gap junctions

A

substances flow between cells

ex heart

Biology by G (13 decks)

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