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Biology by G > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  1. offspring from a single parent

2. offspring and parent are genetically identical

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  1. offspring from two parents

2. offspring is a unique combination of genes from two parents

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3
Q

binary fission

A
  1. chromosome duplicates and moves to opposite poles
  2. cell elongates
  3. cytoplasm divides
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4
Q

chromatin

A

loosely packed DNA and proteins

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

condensed, chromatin present immediately before cell division

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6
Q

sister chromatids

A

both sides of a chromosome each containing the SAME genetic information

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7
Q

centromere

A

area where sister chromatids are attached

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8
Q

cell cycle

A

series of events extending from the time a cell is formed until it divides into two

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9
Q

phases of cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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10
Q

interphase

A

G0: non-dividing phase (heart and brain)
G1: cell grows in size, function
S: DNA synthesis (replication) occurs
G2: Cell continues to grow and prepare for division

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11
Q

mitosis (M)

A

nuclear division

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12
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm division

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13
Q

events of mitosis

A 
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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14
Q

prophase

A

spindle is forming, centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell

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15
Q

prometaphase

A

chromosomes form, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disperse

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16
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fully formed, chromosomes aligned single file with centromeres at metaphase plate

17
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes separate at centromere, move towards opposite poles, cell elongates

18
Q

telophase

A

cell elongation continues, nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform, chromatin forms

19
Q

events of cytokinesis

A

Animal cells - ring of microfilaments contracts into cleavage furrow
Plant cells - vesicles fuse into a membranous cell plate which develops into a cell wall

20
Q

anchorage dependence

A

being in contact with a solid surface

21
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

cells stop dividing when they touch each other

22
Q

growth factors

A

proteins secreted by cells stimulating other cells to divide

required for division, division stops when no more growth factor

23
Q

cell cycle control system

A

cyclical operating set of molecules that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle
if a growth factor is not released at three major checkpoints, the cell cycle will stop

24
Q

cyclins

A

a group of proteins regulating cell cycle by binding to Cdks

25
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)

A

always present in cell, activated when bound to cyclins

26
Q

when does cancer occur?

A

occurs when cells do not respond normally to the cell cycle control system

27
Q

what makes cancer dangerous?

A

uncontrollable division

can invade other body tissues

28
Q

why doesn’t every abnormal cell turn into a tumor or cancer?

A

immune system does destroy malformed cells however, some evade destruction

29
Q

benign tumors

A

abnormal cells remain at original site, take up space, easily removed

30
Q

malignant tumors

A

abnormal cells spread to other tissues and parts of the body, displace tissues, interrupt organ function, signal blood vessels to grow into it

31
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer via circulatory

32
Q

major categories of cancer

A

carcinomas
sarcomas
leukemias/lymphomas

33
Q

carcinomas

A

originate in coverings of the body (skin)

34
Q

sarcomas

A

originate in tissues that support the body (bone)

35
Q

leukemias/lymphomas

A

originate in blood-forming tissue

36
Q

abilities of stem cells

A

can divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
remain undifferentiated in form
develop into a variety of specialized cell types

Biology by G (13 decks)

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