Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards
The 1st Americans, The Expansion of Europe
Natives crossed the ____ from _____ to _____.
Berring Land Bridge, Russia, Alaska
When did migration to the Americas begin?
14000 years ago
Where did agriculture first emerge in America?
Mexico ~ 9000 years ago
The capital of the Aztec empire, _____ was in present day ______
Tenochitlan, Mexico
The ____ society was in modern-day Peru.
Inca
A civilization that made burial mounds of dirt and traded across half the continent
Mound builders/ Ohio River Valley Civilization
City in present-day St.Louis, Missouri
Cahokia
Who were the ancestral pueblos and what was their largest structure?
Hopi & Zuni Peoples. Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon
Which tribes were in the Great League of Peace?
Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga
Natives Americans did not see themselves as a ____
Dichotomy
2 European Excuses for conquering.
- They are nomads (they weren’t), they don’t have the right to the land since its “unused”.
- We need to save the Indians by showing them Christianity and private property aka how to be “civilized”.
Who was Zheng He?
A Chinese admiral who led massive expeditions in the Indian ocean. He wanted to express might, not expand, so he ended maritime expeditions (but he was capable of reaching the Americas.)
Portugal’s invention of the ____. Make long distance travel efficient and safer.
caravel
The Portugese explored down the coast of Africa until they reached the “Bronze city”, ____.
Benin
Portugal seekd Africa’s gold trade, which passed through the ____ kingdom
Mali
What were portugese “factories” and why were they called factories?
Fortified trade posts on the coast of Africa. The merchants were a “factor” in inspiring Europe to explore.
What did Vasco Da Gama achieve?
He sailed around the tip of Africa to India. His discovery of this route helped him create a worldwide trading empire.
Columbus _____ the size of the globe, because his sources were _____ and the ____.
Underestimated, Marco Polo, The Bible
How did Spain unite?
Ferdinand or Aragon and Elizabeth of Castille married and required the Al-Andalus region.
When did Columbus land and where did he land?
1492, the Bahamas
The explorations of _____ _____ revealed that Columbus hadn’t reached Asia, but an entirely new continent.
Amerigo Vespucci
Who invented the printable type and when?
Johannes Gutenberg, 1430s
______ from Genoa, reached Newfoundland (Canadian Province)
John Cabot
What did Ferdinante Magellan do?
He led the first expedition to sail around the world. He encountered lots of new islands and peoples.
What did Hernan Cortes achieve?
He was the first explorer to encounter a major American civilization (the Aztecs, Tenochitlan).
People in Europe were publicly burned for being
heretics
________ conquered tenochitlan. His army consisted of mostly _____, his greatest advantage was ____.
Hernan Cortes
Enlisted Aztec warriors
The Smallpox epidemic
Who conquered the Incas?
Francisco Pizzaro
Galleon
Spanish ship orginally used for war, then for trade. They carried tons of gold and silver from the Americas.
Creoles
Euros born in America
Natives were enslaved in mines and _____.
Baciendas: Big farms under Spanish landlords.
Peninsulares
People of European birth
Mestizos
Mix between European and Indian
An Indian claimed to have seen the Virgin Mary and miracles were reported. A shrine was built in her honor.
The Virgin of Guadalupe.
How did the 1st protestant reformation affect colonization?
It motivated colonizers to expand and spread Catholicism to outdo Protestantism.
Who was Martin Luther?
The priest credited for leading the protestant reformation. The church is corrupt! We need to read the bible instead of relying on priests! Spain wanted to protect the church, so it doubled down on colonization.
heathenism
Practicing heathens (something not Christian), unenlightened.
What did Bartolome de Las Casas do?
He spoke out against the cruelty of Spain against the Indians.
Encomienda System
Spanish labor system based on race. Indians were forced to be laborers.
The Encomienda System was replaced with the Repartimiento system.
Natives were “free”, had wages, access to land, and were “slaves” but they had to do a fixed amount of labor each year.
Las Casas’ writings exposing the cruelties of Spain helped along the:
Black Legend: Spain is a violent exploitative country. Other countries used Spain’s evilness as an excuse for their own expansion.
What did Philip II do? Where did he settle? However, ____, because….
massacred the Huguenots, took over Florida. Settled in St.Augustine, Florida. However, the forts fell into disuse, because local native uprisings made conversion impossible.
What did Juan de Onate do?
Settled the North of Mexico searching for precious metal.
When was the pueblo revolt, who led it, why did it occur?
The 1680s, Pope & the Pueblos vs Spain, Spain had very violent conversion practices which the pueblos eventually revolted against.
The French wanted to find a _____ sea route. Which was a:
Northwest Passage: A route from the Atlantic to the Pacific by sea!
What did Samuel De Champlain do?
Founded Quebec in 1608. Sponsored by the fur company.
Huguenots
A type of protestant group. They fled because they were not welcome in France, turns out they weren’t welcome in New France either.
Metis
Children coming from Indian women + French traders.
What did the Henry Hudson do? Who was he employed by?
1st European to sail up the Hudson River (hence the name). He was employed by the East India Company
The joint-stock company was invented by the
Dutch!
What did Governor Petrus Stuyvesant do? Where was he from?
Dutch governor of New Netherland. He was very strict with religion, even though there were lots of different Christians, he refused to allow Muslims, Jews, and Quakers to practice religion openly.
Platoons
Dutch shareholders who would invest in land and have complete authority over their domain. He would collect wealth from tenants and transport people over to do labor.
The Dutch respected native ______ over land
Sovereignty
Borderland
Meeting place where geographic/cultural borders are undefined. Numerous peoples and co-exist and interact.
Consolidation
Bringing together (ie. Aragon & Castille)
Who replaced the Catholic Church with the Anglican Church?
Henry VIII (8)
After the creation of the Anglican church, this successor brought back Catholicism.
Mary
This queen restored the Anglican Church after Catholics were established and executed a TON of Catholics.
Queen Elizabeth I
England struggled to ___ Ireland.
Pacify: bring peace with force
______ established the _____ colony, on ____ Island, but it was mysteriously abandoned.
Walter Raleigh, Roanoke, Roanoke
2 main reasons why England saw Spain as an enemy.
- Strong anti-catholic culture (and Spain was converting New World Peoples to Catholicism)
- The Spanish Armada tried (and failed) to conquer the British Isles.
Who was Richard Hakluyt?
A protestant minister who wrong 23 reasons Elizabeth I should establish colonies: counter Spain and rescue the New World from Catholicism
How did Elizabeth I finally end religious strife?
She kept the Church the same (pleasing conservatives) but changed teaching practices to be more protestant
America became a refuge for the ___. For this reason, the main lure for English to the New World was the promise of ______
surplus English population, “masterless men”
Independence, land ownership
What was the Enclosure Movement in England?
When landlords evicted once secure peasants and fenced off valuable farmland that was once available to all.
What has to happen to a people BEFORE they can explore a planet?
- Resources
- Maritime technology and knowledge
- Surplus population - more people than opportunity
- A strong military
- CONSOLIDATION
What motivated conquistadores?
Limited opportunity, surplus population
Hernan Cortes’ did this to force his troops to conquer the Aztecs
Burned down his own ships
Most English settlements would have collapsed if not for
sustained immigration
The people who traveled to the English colonies were ______ at the _____ of English society.
single men, bottom rungs
2/3 of English settlers were ______. When they were freed they received _______
indentured servants, freedom dues
The English didn’t want ___. Unlike the Spanish, they just wanted land.
dominion
The English remained ___ separate from the natives.
obstinately
Who founded Connecticut and what was its constitution called?
Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders of 1639
How did the Canary Islands inspire Columbus?
The oppression and enslavement of the indigenous peoples by Spain.
