Chapter 6/7 Exam (Creating a Nation) Flashcards
m ,bbWhen was the Articles of Confederation drafted by congress
1777
Amending the Articles of Confederation required
unanimous agreement
Congress under the Articles argued that by supporting the redcoats, Indians ____ their right to westward land.
forfeited
Peacefulness triggered migrations to the frontier, but many worried that rapid expansion would provoke…
perpetual warfare with the natives
What was the Ordinance of 1784? Who drafted it, and what were the criteria passed?
Passed by Congress (under the Articles) and drafted by Thomas Jefferson. It divided the West into several districts (using a perfect grid model) that would be controlled by Congress at first but then gradually become self-governing states under certain criteria.
What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? 2 things did it?
It facilitated the eventual recognition of 3 to 5 states West, demonstrating the empire of liberty principle. It also prohibited slavery in the new western states.
The first American-flagged ship to conduct import-export in Asia was the
Empress of China. It demonstrated the feasibility of American trade with Asia
When was Shay’s rebellion? what was it? How did it end?
1786-1787 Indebted farmers in Western MA closed courts using Sons of Liberty-like tactics to prevent them from seizing their land due to their not paying taxes. An army dispersed them, sent by the governor.
What was Jefferson’s take on the rebellions that ensued following independence?
It was just a part of the democratic process.
Alexander Hamilton was a prominent political thinker who believed that post-war America was
Squandering on the fruits of their independence and liberty was losing its luster
Many bondholders weren’t being paid because
Congress lacked income under the Articles of Confederation
Story of the CONTINENTALS
During the war, soldiers were paid using certificates called continentals and were told they could hand in those continentals for reimbursement at the end of the war. However, the Articles of Confederation didn’t generate the reliable revenue for that to happen.
Most of the people who reunited for the Constitutional Convention were propertied and negotiated the
Peace of Paris
The people who met at the Constitutional Convention at the common coal of 2 things
curbing excessive democracy and ensuring a candid debate
The Virginia Plan
fill in later
The New Jersey Plan
fill in later
The Great Compromise
fill in later
How was the the number of electors in the electoral college determined?
The amount of senators + representatives in each state
What was Federalism
A concept deeply rooted in the constitution: the relationship between the national government and the states. It declared national legislation the “supreme law”
The president can ____ laws enacted under congress from the new Constitution
veto
4 ways slavery was compromised in the Constitution
Slavery can’t be banned for another 20 years (1808)
The 3/5 clause gave slave states overrepresentation and taxation
New states (westwards) can’t have slavery
The fugitive slave clause asserted that once a slave escapes they are not considered free from bondage
The final document of the constitution ____ the power of the states
reduced
The Federalist
Newspaper essays written by people like Hamilton, Madison, etc that was eventually compiled into a book.
Madison argued that it was important to _______________ because the sheer size of the United States meant that no faction could ever take it over entirely.
“extend the sphere”
What did Anti-federalists believe about the Constitution (4 counters)
that it was too power hungry. Some denounced the allowance of slavery. Some were afraid the gentry would dominate. Some argued that there was a lack of a bill of rights.
Why was a Bill of Rights established?
To list out “unalienable rights” to conciliate the minds of citizens
What did the Ninth Amendment state?
Rights not explicitly talked bout in the constitution are designated to the people
What did the tenth Amendment to?
It said powers not explicitly mentioned were left to the states
Gaining independence didn’t clarify the definition of
citizenship
One judge referred to Africans in America as
quasi citizens
Posterity
for generations to come (stated in the preamble when promising liberty)
The government hoped to _______ natives but they were often scandalous because….
incorporate and assimilate, even if a small group of Indians signed a treaty, an entire nation would be forced to conform.
What did Henry Knox believe?
He accused Americans of being as cruel to the Indians as the Spanish were to the Mexicans.
Warfare in the ________ between colonists and Natives ended with the ___ __ ____ where most of Ohio and Indiana were handed over to the Americans, and the ______ was established, which gave tribes yearly grants.
Ohio River Valley, Treaty of Greenville, anmuity system
The North experienced _____ _______ that allowed former slaves more rights, establish schools, and some legal rights acorded to whites.
gradual emancipation
What was the Naturalization Act of 1795
It required that white immigrants had to give up their inherited nobility if they wanted to be naturalized and become citizens. It also edited the previous naturalization act (1790) to exclude birthright citizenship
Open immigration was a policy initiated only for
Europeans
Jefferson wrote in his book __________________ that black people were physically/mentally predisposed to hate the state
Notes on the State of Virginia
Benjamin Banneker
free black man who published an advanced almanac. Jefferson claimed a white person must have helped them.
Many believed in ___________
homogeneous citizenry: everyone should be of the same race/kind and have the same rights.
Suspected black mother of some of Jefferson’s children
Sally Hemmings
______ became a convienient justification for salvery after independence
race
Alexander Hamilton acknowledged that blacks had the same
abilities
miscegenation
interbreeding, mixed race kids
4 ways the Articles of Confederation tried to guarantee
- Accountability
- No military
- No taxes
- No executive office
Why did the Articles of Confederation give up so much power to the states?
Avoid oppressive taxation
Avoid virtual representation
Don’t want mercantilism
What did British parliment look like?
Bi-cameral, house of commons and a hourse of lords (aristocrats)
manumission
FREE DA SLAVES
3 ways Pennsylvania structured its government and why
What date?
- Manumission. Strong quaker/equality influences
- Unicameral with direct representation. Prevent elites/oppression
- No govenor/executive. Avoid tyranny (trauma from royal governors)
1777
One thing the Iroquois did to their government and why?
Year
Confederation format (firm league of friendship). Avoid threatening the autonomy of respective nations while still providing mutual defense.
3 Ways Massachusetts setup its government and why
DATE
- Govenor could veto. Strong executive to promote stability
- A bi-cameral legislature (higher orders had their own sect of government). Create a system where both intellects and laypeople have representation.
- Called a special convention of non-elected officials to create the constitution. Avoid vested interests.
1780
What was the impost of 1781 and why did its failure to pass pose issues?
It was a proposal to amend the articles of Confederation to allow them to levy taxes (a 5% sales tax) in an attempt to gain reliable revenue to collect for paying off reparations/Continental. This needed unanimous agreement, and Rhode Island rejected it so it did not pass. This made people loose faith n the government because it showed their inability to support themselves and coordinate the diverse interests of the states. DIPLOMATIC CRISIS
What were two results of the articles of confederation not generating enough revenue?
Can’t pay restitutions, violating the Treaty of Paris
THey can’t pay continentals
What was the result of a bunch of angry broke soldiers post war?
Newburgh Conspiracy. Generals and soldiers rallied up in NY and started plotting an attack on NYC (a coup!) Geroge Washington quelled it.
The government wanted new western territory to end up in the hands of farmers, not _____ because…
speculators (buy just to sell) because they believed only farmers could have virtue and participate in a democracy
What was the Northwest Ordinance when was it passed and what 8 things did it do?
1787
Dictated how Northwest regions would become officials states.
1. Minimum population (smallest current state)
2. Encourage public schools
3. Democratic-republican government
4. Written constitution
5. Bill of rights
6. Abolish slavery
7. Justice system
8. Elections
4 key decisions Jefferson made when making the convention and why
Disguise the intention as a convention to reform. Get likeminded people without coming across as too radical
No unanimity. You need unanimity to amend the articles, but not to make a new one. A 9/13 majority would make the convention more productive
No Notes! Encourage candid debate
Different Presenter of the idea of removing the articles: EDMUND RANDOLF
How many branches of government were in the VIRGINIA PLAN?
Was the VIRGINIA PLAN bi-cameral or unicameral. How was power balanced?
How did the VIRGINIA PLAN decide how many representatives were from each state?
What did the VIRGINIA PLAN think about state identity
3 branches
Bi-cameral with proprotional representation
Proportional representation
Irrelevant
How many branches of government were in the NEW JERSEY PLAN?
Was the NEW JERSEY PLAN bi-cameral or unicameral. How was power balanced?
How did the NEW JERSEY PLAN decide how many representatives were from each state?
What did the NEW JERSEY PLAN think about state identity
3 branches
unicameral. Multi-person executive instead of a president
All states had one vote
Strongly supported state identity
What was the governmental makeup of the GREAT COMPROMISE
Bi-cameria. The lower house is proportional but upper house is picked by the lower house.
Slave states got a 3/5 compromise, but were now overrepresented.
Established a national court
The word slavery appeared nowhere in the Constitution, but was discussed
balanced the power between big and small states
What does the preamble say about the purpose of the Constitution?
form a “more perfect union”
“establish jutice”
“insure domestic tranquility” (ie. Shay’s rebellion)
“ provide for the common defense” build a national army
“promote general welfare”
secure blessings of liberty for “posterity”
the constitution expressed a distrust in
the commoner (hence checks on vox)
The 10 amendment…
leaves alll powers not specified in the constitution to the state -> FEDERAL STRUCTURE
5 flaws in the articles of confederation
unanimity needed for amendments
Inability to levy taxes
No national army
unicameral/no executive
could not regulate trade.
Many anti-federalists conceeded to the Constitution after it was agreed that a…
bill of rights would be established
3 examples of the Constitution’s check on legislative power
Presidential Veto
Bi-cameral system. A bill must pass both the house and senate
