Chapter 2 Exam Flashcards
How did the English acquire land from the natives?
forceful treaties after military defeat: a forced contract of purchase.
During the ____ century, there was __ warfare between colonists and Indians that created a feeling of English superiority.
17th, recurrent
How did English culture affect native life?
European metals changed the farming, hunting, and cooking styles of the natives. They began trading commodities for novel things from the Europeans.
How did the European settlers undermine native traditional agriculture?
Settlers fenced in land and introduced new crops and livestock.
5 reasons why The Jamestown Colony wasn’t ideal.
- Unstable leadership
- A high death rate
- No riches
- Gentlemen who were not experienced in farming and would “rather starve than work)
- A swampy environment that facilitated malaria.
When was Jamestown established and when did ti experience the starving time?
1607, Winter of 1610
John Smith was a forceful ____
aristocrat
The Virginia company shifted from finding gold to
farming, finding a marketable commodity to survive.
What was the Headright system?
Anyone who bought passage to the Americas would get 50 acres of land.
In Virginia, the governors’ regime was replaced with the ____ __ ____ in _____. It was the first elected assembly in colonial America.
House of Burgesses, 1619
A consolidated authority of 15-20k people in Virginia. The settlers called their leader
Powhatan
Story of Pocahontas
In a ritual to show power and mercy, Powhatan captured John Smith, threatened to kill him, and Pocahontas pretended to plead for his release. It was all staged, but Pocahontas then became an INTERMEDIARY between settlers and natives.
Who led the uprising of 1622?
Opechancanough (Powhatan’s brother)
What was the uprising of 1622?
Powhatan’s brother led a surprise attack on Virginia that left 1/4 of Virginia dead.
What was the result of the uprising of 1622?
The settlers led a war of extinction they eventually won, and required the Powhatans to sign a treaty that forced SUBORDINATION, acknowledging the Government of Jamestown and being pushed out to tribal reservations
The story of Tobacco
Tobacco saved Virginia. King James originally criticized it as harmful and gross, but it became a booming commodity in Europe. The Virginians substituted gold for tobacco for its get-rich-quick-scheme
How did Virginian society begin to mimic ENgland’s
There was a wealthy LANDED GENTRY, a small group of freed indentured servants, and a vast group of landless, poor laborers.
Who were “tobacco brides”?
Several dozen women came to Virginia for arranged marriages due to the avid desire to bring women to the colonies.
Dower rights
Wives get 1/3 of her husband’s inheritance if he died.
Feme sole
alone women who were widowed or single enjoyed an independent legal identity
When was maryland established?
1632
What kind of colony was Maryland established as
Proprietary colony
Who was granted authority to Maryland? He wanted a ____ domain and a refuge for fellow _______.
Cecilius Calvert. Feudal domain. Catholic Congregationalists
Nost puritians were Congregationalists. What does this mean?
Only independent local congregations should choose clergymen and how to worship.
Massachusetts was established by ___ ____ to be a “____ ____ _ ____”
John Winthrop, city upon a hill
Where were the pilgrims before they reached the New World and why did they leave?
Originally they were in the Netherlands but they left for the New World because they were afraid of corruption and their children becoming too Dutch
Who wrote the Mayflower Compact and where?
The pilgrims aboard the mayflower
In Plymouth’s first year, who did they depend on for survival?
Native Americans like Squanto
Why was there rapid population growth in New England?
There was an even sex ratio
New England ______ The social structure of England.
emulated
surpassed through imitation
What was the law of 1647 in Massachusetts?
A law that required each town to have a school because literacy was important for reading the bible.
Churches in New England were completely
decentralized
When was the Body of Liberties est? What was it?
1641.
A legal code showing the liberties people the New Massachusetts
experience based on your social class
When did the first African slave arrive in Massachusetts?
1640
What is the story of ROGER WILLIAMS?
Three things he believed and the consequences of his beliefs.
He was the first person to sustain criticism of the order in New England. He believed that congregations should withdraw from England completely and that Church and state should be separated and that people should have the freedom to worship what they please. He ended up banished from Massachusetts and established Rhode Island.
Rhode Island was refuge for
dissenters
Who is Anne Hutchinson?
She was woman preacher who argued that being elect was not based on church attendance but a pre-determined inner state of grace.
What was Anne Hutchinson accused of
Antinomianism
Putting your judgment over the Church
As towns proliferated, _____ increased.
Native conflict
What led to the Pequot war?
A fur trader was killed by a Pequot, so colonists from Connecticut and Massachusetts set the whole village on fire.
Most Puritans came from ____ which was a ____ based region.
East Anglia, textile
The New England economy was centered around
small family farms
What was the Half Way Covenant in New England?
“You can become a half member of the church if your grandparents came during the Great Migration”
This was an attempt to increase church turnout
jeremiads
A spiritual warning of crop failure and disease because God disproved their decreasing faithlessness.
What was the magna carta
An (english) charter (collection of laws) that tried to end civil problems between the crown and local lords who had private armies that would clash with each other and the crown.
habeas corpus
English law in Magna Carta: you can’t be jailed without an actual legal charge
Power struggle between the king and parliment created ________ about what it means to be a free englishman and led to the _______ of ####. It was won by _______, who ruled the _____ army.
invocations, Civil war, 1642, Oliver Cromwell, parlimentary
A writer named “___ ____” called for freedom of speech and press. The levelers were a group that gave a definition of freedom as: __________.
John Milton, no privilege based on social class.
Who were the Quakers
A branch of Christianity based on the teachings of Anne Hutchinson
Maryland’s civil unrest known as the _______ ____ was resolved with the ____ ___ ____.
Plundering time, act concerning religion
What was the Navigation Act of 1651? Who passed it?
Passed by Oliver Cromwell, colonial trade is limited to being with England.
Pilgrims believed in this big puritan concept…
“Predestination”
Unlike New Englanders, Chesapeakers had _____.
Rootlessness
7 Reasons why John Winthrop wanted Puritans to come to the Americas.
- It is their duty to spread their best version of Christianity.
- God is going to punish EU. Let’s get outta here!
- Richard Hakluyt - overpopulation, migrate so your life is valued.
- “increase & multiply” (bible)
- There’s no honest living in EU
- The kids are corrupt bc English education
- Create a “city upon a hill”
What/when was the great migration?
1620 - 1640. 21k puritians migrated.
New England society was _____. (Synonym for “sameness”) This led to a complete absence of ____.
Homogenous. Religious toleration.
Lots of towns in New England had _____, which were:
commons: an area in the middle of a town with a town hall, public meadows
Heresy
Religious dissenting
Dissenting
Being a minority group with a controversial opinion.
How did Rhode Island accidentally become a precedent for religious toleration?
Roger Williams separated church and state. People could no longer be prosecuted for their religion because the government no longer had a say! Williams was Puritian, so he didn’t like the mixing of religions, but his colony ended up becoming a precedent for religious toleration.
Where was the Pequot War? When was the Pequot War? Why did the war start? Why was the type of fighting so significant?
Connecticut, 1630s, Puritans were encroaching on the Connecticut River valley. There was a total war: the English targeted non-combatants, which was non-existent in native culture.
What is a captivity narrative
1st hand account of how “gruesome” it is to be captured and held hostage by natives.
What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
First written constiturion in the English colonies
What region is Maryland part of
Chesapeake
Similarities between the Chesapeake and New England colonies
Intermediaries
Pale of settlement
elected officials
native conflicts
little religious toleration
Democratic/Governmental systems in each region
Chesapeake: House of Burgesses
New England: Fundamental orders of Connecticut, Mayflower Compact
What major war was in the Chesapeake and what major war was in New England
Uprising of 1622, Pequot War
Wealth in New England vs Chesapeake
Per capita wealth was less in new England but more evenly distributed.
because of the civil war and all the unrest in England, what it means to be free began to _____ in the colonies.
reverberate
Pilgrim
A group of separatist puritians who settled plymouth
