Chapters 1

Question 1

___ was previously used instead of corrections.

Answer 1

Penology

Question 2

What is penology?

Answer 2

study of the use of punishment for criminal acts

Question 3

What is a penitentiary?

Answer 3

First word used to describe secure facilities used to hold offenders serving sentences

Question 4

The 1950s saw an increase in ____ and a decrease in ____.

Answer 4

rehabilitation, punishment

Question 5

Define corrections

Answer 5

range of community +instutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing offenders

Question 6

3 parts of the CRJ System

Answer 6

Police, Courts, Corrections

Question 7

Define penal code

Answer 7

Legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a crime

Question 8

Difference between misdemeanor and felony charges

Answer 8

Misdemeanor- punishable by setence of 1 year or less
Felony- punishable by sentence of more than 1 year

Question 9

Who founded the Classical School of Criminology?

Answer 9

Cesare Beccaria

Question 10

Classical School of Criminology ideals

Answer 10

crime is based on the offenders free will
purpose of punishment is utility and prevention

Question 11

Who founded Positive School of criminology?

Answer 11

Cesare Lombroso

Question 12

Positive School of criminology ideals

Answer 12

criminal behavior is predetermined (genetics)
Atavism (existence of evolutionary traits)

Question 13

Neoclassical school of criminology ideals

Answer 13

hold offenders accountable while considering mitigating/aggravating circumstances

Question 13

What were some early responses to crime?

Answer 13

corporal punishment (torture/branding)
Transporting all offenders to British colonies

Question 13

Who was John Howard?

Answer 13

sheriff of Bedfordshire who encouraged reform of English jails in late 1700’s

Question 14

First penitentiary

Answer 14

Walnut Street Jail

Question 14

Who created a new penal code and abolish capital punishment

Answer 14

William Penn & Quakers

Question 15

Order the eras of prison treatment (4)

Answer 15

Reformatory, Industrial, Rehabilitative, Retributive

Question 16

Describe the Reformatory Era

Answer 16

reform through school and vocational programs
- created major financial burden

Question 17

Describe Industrial Prison Era

Answer 17

inmates worked and produce items

Question 18

The Industrial Prison era was the end of the ______.

Answer 18

Hands-off Doctrine

Question 19

What is the Hands-off Doctrine

Answer 19

supreme court decision to step back from monitoring corrections

Question 20

Describe Rehabilitative Era

Answer 20

medical model, reintegration, formed treatment programs

Question 21

Describe Retributive Era

Answer 21

tough on crime, isolation from citizens

Question 22

Goals of Sentencing + Describe (5)

Answer 22

Punishment- infliction of pain Deterrence- prevention of crime thru punishment Incapacitation- incarceration Rehabilitation- prevent recidivism Reinstitution- making victim whole

Question 23

Describe Pennsylvania System

Answer 23

separate and silent system of prison operations emphasis on reform and avoidance of criminal contamination

Question 24

Describe Auburn system

Answer 24

congregate and silent operations of prisoners inmates allowed to work together during the day but separate and silent at night

Question 25

Define restitution

Answer 25

acts by which criminals make right or repay society or victims for their wrongdoings

Question 26

Define furlough

Answer 26

program in which prisons are allowed to leave prison early to reside in a halfway house and prepare for community re-entry

Question 27

Tough on crime era

Answer 27

the attitude that criminals should be severely punished for their wrongdoings and long prison sentences are the most effective