Chapter_1_Flashcards_Behavioral_Sciences_60
(60 cards)
What is the Apgar score and what does it assess?
The Apgar score assesses newborn health at 1 and 5 minutes post-birth. It evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
What are the components of the Apgar scoring system?
Components include appearance (color), pulse (heartbeat), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (breathing).
At what Apgar score is there no immediate survival threat?
An Apgar score greater than 7 indicates no immediate survival threat.
What are the main maternal postpartum reactions?
They include baby blues (common, lasts up to 2 weeks), major depressive disorder (5-10%, needs treatment), and brief psychotic disorder (rare, up to 1%).
What developmental milestone is a marker of responsiveness in infancy?
The social smile, which appears between 1-3 months, is an early marker of infant responsiveness.
What are common reflexes present at birth and when do they disappear?
Common reflexes include palmar grasp (2 months), rooting (3 months), Moro/startle reflex (4 months), and Babinski reflex (12 months).
What is separation anxiety, and when does it develop?
Separation anxiety is distress upon being separated from the caregiver and begins around 7-11 months.
What is stranger anxiety, and when does it occur?
Stranger anxiety is crying or withdrawing in the presence of unfamiliar individuals, typically developing at 7 months.
Define reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
RAD is characterized by withdrawal and unresponsiveness due to grossly pathological care.
Define disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED).
DSED is characterized by indiscriminate friendliness and attachment to strangers, often due to pathological care.
What is object permanence, and when does it develop?
Object permanence is the understanding that objects exist even when not seen, developing around 12-15 months.
What motor milestone is achieved at 6 months?
Infants typically sit unassisted at 6 months.
What cognitive milestone is achieved at 3 years?
By age 3, children can use 900 words and speak in complete sentences.
What is the primary developmental task of the toddler years?
The primary task is to separate from the primary caregiver and develop independence.
What defense mechanism might a child use after a sibling’s birth?
Regression, such as bedwetting after previously being toilet-trained, is common.
What motor milestones are achieved by age 2?
By age 2, children kick balls, stack six blocks, and feed themselves with a spoon.
What defines ‘easy children’ according to Chess and Thomas?
Easy children are adaptable, have regular eating/sleeping patterns, and display a positive mood.
What does Erik Erikson’s stage of trust vs. mistrust entail?
During the first year, infants learn to trust caregivers; failure leads to difficulty forming relationships later.
At what age do children begin to understand the finality of death?
Children begin understanding death as final around age 6.
What is the typical reaction to death by a 2-year-old?
A 2-year-old perceives death as abandonment.
What factors increase the risk of preterm birth?
Low income, maternal illness or malnutrition, young maternal age, and non-Hispanic African American ethnicity.
What is the significance of an Apgar score less than 4?
An Apgar score less than 4 indicates an imminent survival threat for the newborn.
What is ‘hospitalism’ as described by René Spitz?
Hospitalism refers to severe developmental retardation, poor health, and high death rates in children due to inadequate mothering, even with good physical care.
What did Harry Harlow’s studies on monkeys demonstrate?
Harlow’s studies showed that isolation leads to social and maternal deficits, which can sometimes be rehabilitated by exposure to peers.
