Chapter2_Expanded_Flashcards 60
What is the primary social characteristic of school-age children?
They prefer same-gender peers and develop a moral sense of right and wrong.
What cognitive abilities do school-age children typically develop?
Logical thinking, conservation (understanding quantity remains the same despite shape changes), and seriation (ordering objects by size or quality).
At what age does puberty typically occur in girls and boys?
Menarche in girls: 11–14 years; first ejaculation in boys: 12–15 years.
What is a common psychosocial task during early adolescence (11–14 years)?
Strong sensitivity to peers’ opinions and initial development of a personality.
What are Tanner Stages used to describe?
Stages of sexual development during puberty.
What characterizes risk-taking behavior in middle adolescence (15–17 years)?
Challenging parental rules, feelings of invincibility, and risky behaviors like unsafe sex or speeding.
What is Erikson’s developmental stage for early adulthood?
Intimacy vs. Isolation.
What is the identity crisis in late adolescence?
It is a struggle to form one’s own identity; failure leads to role confusion.
At what age do children understand that death is irreversible?
Around age 9.
What factors increase the risk of teenage pregnancy?
Depression, poor school achievement, and having divorced parents.
How should adoption be disclosed to children?
At the earliest age possible to avoid others revealing it first.
What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?
Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.
What are common symptoms of menopause?
Hot flashes, which may last for years.
What is the primary fear of preschool children (2.5–6 years) in the hospital?
Fear of bodily harm.
What is a common behavioral response in children with an ill sibling or parent?
Acting out as a defense mechanism.
How is teenage sexuality commonly expressed?
Through physical activity, masturbation, and crushes.
What developmental milestones characterize middle adulthood?
Increased power, authority, and responsibility, alongside possible midlife crises.
What is conservation in cognitive development?
The understanding that a quantity remains the same despite changes in container shape.
What is seriation in cognitive development?
The ability to arrange objects in order by size or other qualities.
What is the primary psychological task of school-age children?
To develop logical thought and understand the concepts of rules and fairness.
What social behavior is typical of late adolescence?
Development of morals, ethics, and concern for humanitarian issues.
How does early adolescence handle parental authority?
They are generally obedient and sensitive to peer opinions.
What cognitive ability develops in late adolescence according to Piaget?
Abstract reasoning (formal operations stage).
What factors should a physician consider when counseling teenagers?
Short-term benefits of behavior changes are more effective than long-term consequences.
What is Erikson’s stage for middle adulthood?
Generativity vs. Stagnation.
What are signs of midlife crisis in men?
Job changes, infidelity, substance abuse, and depression.
How should physicians counsel sexually active minors?
They may provide contraception, STD treatment, and pregnancy-related care without parental consent.
What are the social fears of hospitalized adolescents?
Being different from peers and challenging medical authority.
What is the main motor skill development in school-age children?
Ability to perform complex motor tasks like playing sports and riding bicycles.
What is the importance of adolescence in psychological development?
It is a critical period for identity formation and establishing personal values.
What is the main psychological task for toddlers (15 months to 2.5 years)?
To overcome separation anxiety and start exploring independence.
What are common psychosocial concerns during early adolescence?
Body image, peer pressure, and sensitivity to societal expectations.
What are the main developmental tasks during early adulthood?
Building intimate relationships and establishing independence in career and personal life.
How do children in middle adulthood handle responsibilities?
They either develop productivity (generativity) or feel stagnation if unfulfilled.
What is the primary role of conservation and seriation in childhood?
These are key cognitive abilities for learning and problem-solving.
What common psychological adjustment occurs around age 30?
A reassessment of personal goals and life direction.
What strategies help adolescents manage risk-taking behaviors?
Focusing on short-term benefits like social approval or health.
How does Erikson’s theory apply to late adolescence?
This stage involves resolving identity versus role confusion to establish a strong sense of self.
What is the main motor skill development in school-age children?
Ability to perform complex motor tasks like playing sports and riding bicycles.
What is the importance of adolescence in psychological development?
It is a critical period for identity formation and establishing personal values.
What is the main psychological task for toddlers (15 months to 2.5 years)?
To overcome separation anxiety and start exploring independence.
What are common psychosocial concerns during early adolescence?
Body image, peer pressure, and sensitivity to societal expectations.
What are the main developmental tasks during early adulthood?
Building intimate relationships and establishing independence in career and personal life.
How do children in middle adulthood handle responsibilities?
They either develop productivity (generativity) or feel stagnation if unfulfilled.
What is the primary role of conservation and seriation in childhood?
These are key cognitive abilities for learning and problem-solving.
What common psychological adjustment occurs around age 30?
A reassessment of personal goals and life direction.
What strategies help adolescents manage risk-taking behaviors?
Focusing on short-term benefits like social approval or health.
How does Erikson’s theory apply to late adolescence?
This stage involves resolving identity versus role confusion to establish a strong sense of self.
What is the main motor skill development in school-age children?
Ability to perform complex motor tasks like playing sports and riding bicycles.
What is the importance of adolescence in psychological development?
It is a critical period for identity formation and establishing personal values.
What is the main psychological task for toddlers (15 months to 2.5 years)?
To overcome separation anxiety and start exploring independence.
What are common psychosocial concerns during early adolescence?
Body image, peer pressure, and sensitivity to societal expectations.
What are the main developmental tasks during early adulthood?
Building intimate relationships and establishing independence in career and personal life.
How do children in middle adulthood handle responsibilities?
They either develop productivity (generativity) or feel stagnation if unfulfilled.
What is the primary role of conservation and seriation in childhood?
These are key cognitive abilities for learning and problem-solving.
What common psychological adjustment occurs around age 30?
A reassessment of personal goals and life direction.
What strategies help adolescents manage risk-taking behaviors?
Focusing on short-term benefits like social approval or health.
How does Erikson’s theory apply to late adolescence?
This stage involves resolving identity versus role confusion to establish a strong sense of self.
At what age do children typically start to show stranger anxiety?
Around 7 months of age.
What is the typical developmental milestone for 1-year-old infants?
They can walk unassisted and show separation anxiety.
What is the primary social task during the school-age years (7–11 years)?
To develop friendships and understand the concept of fairness.
What cognitive skill is developed in school-age children related to quantities?
Conservation, the ability to understand that the quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.
How do school-age children typically handle hospitalizations?
They usually cope well, making this the best age for elective surgery.
What is the typical emotional response of a toddler (15 months to 2.5 years) when separated from a parent?
Separation anxiety.
What is a key characteristic of preschool children (3–6 years) in their social development?
They engage in parallel play, playing alongside other children but not yet cooperatively.
At what age do children begin to understand death as final and irreversible?
Around 9 years of age.
What is the primary concern for early adolescents (11–14 years) regarding their physical development?
The development of secondary sex characteristics and body image.
What changes in adolescent development can cause psychological difficulties?
Deviations such as acne, obesity, or late development in puberty may lead to body image issues.
What is one of the first behaviors of early adolescence (11–14 years)?
Increased sensitivity to peer opinions and physical changes during puberty.
What is the role of abstract reasoning in late adolescence?
It allows for higher-order thinking and understanding of concepts like morality and identity.
How is adolescence typically characterized by Erikson’s developmental stages?
As a period of identity formation, where the individual resolves the conflict between identity and role confusion.
What is a common behavior in middle adolescence (15–17 years) regarding relationships?
There is a strong interest in gender roles, body image, and forming crushes on unattainable people.
What does the term ‘role confusion’ refer to in adolescence?
It refers to an adolescent’s difficulty in determining their place in the world, leading to behavioral problems.
What risk factors contribute to teenage pregnancy?
Factors include depression, poor academic performance, and lack of access to contraception.
How do late adolescents (18–20 years) begin to develop self-control?
Through the development of morals, ethics, and a more realistic understanding of their abilities.
What is the typical age for first sexual intercourse in the United States?
16 years of age.
Why is the use of contraception important for teenagers?
It helps prevent unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.
What is a typical characteristic of late adolescence?
The ability to think abstractly and the development of a concern for humanitarian issues.
What are the risks associated with teenage pregnancy?
Teenage mothers are at high risk for obstetric complications due to their physical immaturity.
How is adoption best handled with children?
Children should be told as early as possible about their adoption to avoid learning from others.
What is a primary concern for children with intellectual disabilities?
They may experience frustration and social withdrawal due to difficulty communicating and competing with peers.
At what age do children begin to understand the finality of death?
Around age 9.
How do school-age children typically handle hospitalization?
They usually cope well with hospitalization, making it an optimal age for elective surgery.
What is the typical behavior for preschool children (3-6 years) when dealing with a new experience?
They may exhibit temporary regression, such as asking to sleep in a parent’s bed, especially in response to stress.
What common defense mechanism do children use in response to stress?
Regression, such as returning to earlier behaviors like bed-wetting.
At what age do children typically begin to speak in complete sentences?
By age 3.
What is the role of the family in adolescence?
The family provides a foundation, but adolescents begin to spend more time with peers and challenge parental authority.
What is a typical characteristic of middle adolescence (15–17 years)?
There is a strong focus on self-identity, often expressed through fashion and peer group involvement.
What is an important aspect of middle adulthood?
A person in middle adulthood may experience a midlife crisis, marked by dissatisfaction with career or personal life.
What physical changes occur during midlife in men?
Decreased muscle strength, physical endurance, and sexual performance.
What defines menopause in women?
The cessation of menstruation for at least 12 months.
What is the typical age range for menopause?
Late 40s to early 50s.
What psychological symptom is commonly associated with menopause?
Hot flashes, which can last for several years.
What is the importance of discussing pregnancy prevention with adolescents?
Teenagers are at higher risk of pregnancy due to lack of education and access to contraceptives.
What is the most likely developmental characteristic of a 5-year-old?
They have a developed sense of gender identity and can engage in role-playing with peers.
How do early adolescents typically express sexual interest?
Through physical activity and self-exploration, including masturbation.
What is the developmental milestone of a 2-year-old?
They begin using a few words and may start walking unassisted.
