Chapter6

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

how living things get energy out of organic molecules and convert one type of organic molecule to another
-oxidation of organic molecules

Question 2

chemical reactions involve

Answer 2

the gain and loss of electrons from atoms
oxidation- is the loss of electrons
reduction- is the gaining of electrons

Question 3

LEO GER

Answer 3

L-ose
E-lectrons
O-xidation
G-ain
E-lectrons 
R-eduction

Question 4

to make the release of energy useful:

Answer 4

1. electrons are gradually removed from organic molecules
2. energy in individual electrons is gradually reduced and
3. energy is converted to a useful form (ATP)

Question 5

what % of the energy released from cellular respiration is stored in ATP

Answer 5

40% , the remainder stored in heat

Question 6

three stages of respiration

Answer 6

1. glycolsis
2. krebs cycle
3. electron transport chain and chemiomosis

Question 7

electrons carriers are

Answer 7

used to transport electrons from one place to another

Question 8

how to know which one is oxidized or reduced ?

Answer 8

90% of the time one with H is reduced

Question 9

most ATP is made through

Answer 9

chemiosmosis

Question 10

electron transport chain

Answer 10

1. it is a series of proteins on a membrane
2. accepts electrons from electron carrier
3. reduces the energy of electrons
4. energy from the electrons is used to actively transport H+ across the membrane
5. oxygen is final electron acceptor

Question 11

chemiosmosis

Answer 11

1. the H gradient created by the electron transport chain is a form of potiential energy
2. H+ crosses the membrane through an enzyme (ATP synthase) enzyme because ase ending
3. the kinetic energy in the movement at H+ is converted to potential energy in ATP

Question 12

glycolysis

Answer 12

splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

produces ATP and NADH

Question 13

glycolysis stages

Answer 13

1- energy input stage

2- energy harvesting stage

Question 14

involves two sets of reactions for gycolysis

Answer 14

1. energy input- addition of phosphates to gluclose (requires energy)
2. energy removal- removal of phosphates (onto ATP) removal of electrons

Question 15

2 ways ATP is made in respiration

Answer 15

1. chemiosmosis

2. substrate level phosphorylation: phosphate is transferred from an organic molecule to ADP

Question 16

pyruvic acid is converted into

Answer 16

a two carbon compound before it enters the krebs cycle

Question 17

krebs (citric acid) cycle

Answer 17

1. electrons transferred to NAD and FAD
2. CO2 is produced
3. ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorilation

Question 18

in non- photosynthetic organisms CO2 is

Answer 18

a waste product

Question 19

without what does the electrons transport chain stop operating

Answer 19

O2

Question 20

what happens when no O2 is available

Answer 20

fermentation: oxidation of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen
glycolysis produces ATP and NADH
without O2 glycolysis results in a buildup of NADH (and a drop in NAD)

Question 21

two fermentation processes remove the electrons from NAHD using pyruuvic acid

Answer 21

1. alcohol fermentation

2. lactic acid fermentation

Question 22

prokaryotes can use a number of electron accpetors in addition to O2

Answer 22

metals
sulfur compounds
organic molecules
this allows them to live in an O2, free environment

Question 23

overall energy production

Answer 23

each NADH yields 3 ATP
for NADH produced outside the inner mitochondrial membrane: active transport into the mitochondria requires 1 ATP
each FADH2 yields 2 ATP

Question 24

overview of cellular respiration

Answer 24

-living things store energy in electrons in the bonds of organic molecules
-the energy in electrons cam be increased or decreased
-respiration involves the removal of electrons from an organic molecules and the gradual reduction in the energy of each electrons
-the energy released from electrons is used to make ATP
-NAD and FAD act as electron carriers
respiration occurs in three stages
-gycolysis involves energy input and energy release phases. it produces ATP, NAHD, amd pyrvic acid
-the krebs cycle involves the production of CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH
-most of the atp in cellular respiration is produced during chemiosmosis
-oxygen is the final electrons acceptor in the electron transport chain

Question 25

certain poisons prevent ATP from being made in the mitrochondria 3 classes

Answer 25

1. electron transport chain distrupters
2. ATP synthase
3. uncouplers

Question 26

many different types of organic molecules can be

Answer 26

respired

Question 27

cant get ATP out of

Answer 27

cellulose

Question 28

the products of respiration can be used to make

Answer 28

different organic molecules

Question 29

are certain molecules more likely to make you overweight?

Answer 29

caloric (energy) content of foods
OJ: 0.5cal/g
bread: 2.8cal/g
bacon:5.4cal/g

Question 30

3 different types of sugars

Answer 30

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 31

in US from 1970’s to 1980’s there has been an increase in the number of

Answer 31

obese people

but a 4% decrease in total caloric intake and a 10% decrease in the intake of calories from fat consumption

Question 32

fructose has been consumed from

Answer 32

fruits consumption: 15g/day

Question 33

frutose is now mostly consumed by

Answer 33

as sucrose or industrially altered glucose

Question 34

U.S obesity rates have increased

Answer 34

with the consumption of fructose

Question 35

hypotheses to explain the connection between fructose and obesity

Answer 35

fructose is only metabolized in the liver, gluclose is metabolized in all cells
consuming fructose does not supress appetite, consuming glucose does
fructose is addictive

Question 36

canadian data does not support

Answer 36

a connection between obesity and fructose consumption