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Bio 1000 > Chapter2&3 > Flashcards

Chapter2&3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atoms two regions

A
  1. nucleus:
    protons
    -pos charge
    -number determines the type and characteristic of the atom
    nuetrons
    -no charge
  2. electron shells
    -regions around the nucleus where elctrons (neh charge) exist
    -the number of electrons is associated with a type of atom can change
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2
Q

shells

A

1st shell- 2 electrons
2nd- 8 electrons
3rd- 8 electrons

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3
Q

atoms

A

anything that takes up space/weighs

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4
Q

properties of atoms

A
  1. protons attract an equal amount of electrons
  2. when the outermost shell of an atom is unfilled, the atom is unstable
  3. unstable atoms interact to become stable- they gain, or lose electrons
  4. the amount of energy an electon holds can change
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5
Q

chemical bonds

A
  • interactions of electrons between atoms
  • for any atom, the number of potential bonds is determined by the number of electrons needed to fill unfilled shells
  • type of bond is determined by the affinity of each atom for electrons
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6
Q

types of chemical bonds

A

ionic: electron transferred from one atom to another
(the result is known as an ion)
covalent bond: sharing of electrons between atoms
( the result is molecules)

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7
Q

double bond

A

the sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation of a double bond

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8
Q

polar covalent bond

A

a type pf covalent bond where electrons are not shared equally
atoms within the molecule have slight charge
ex) ozygen hydrogen bond

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9
Q

bonds

A

hydrogen- 1 bond
carbon- 4 bonds
nitrogen- 3 bonds
oxygen- 2 bonds

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10
Q

properties of water

A

polar covelent bonds result in:
1. water acting ad a solvent for ionic polar covalent substances
hydrophllic and hydrophobic
2. presence of hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

hydrophillic

A

substances that dissolve in water (ionic)

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12
Q

hydrophobic

A

substances that dont mix or dissolve in water (covalent)

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13
Q

hydrogen bonds result in:

A
  1. cohesion
  2. high specific heat
  3. high heat of vapourization
  4. expansion on freezing
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14
Q

two types of pH

A

acidic: donates h+ to a solution
basic: absorbs h+ from a solution

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15
Q

pH scale

A 
water pH = 7 (neutral)
< 7 = acidic 
> 7 = basic 
each unit represents a 10x change in h+
most chemical reactions in living things are sensitive to pH changes but many reactions in living things produce acids or bases
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16
Q

buffer

A

substances that absorbs or releases H+

minimizes pH changes of solutions (do this by donating H+)

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17
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon:
carbon atoms form 4 bonds
the characteristic of an organic molecule is affected by its functional groups (combination of particular atoms)

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18
Q

hydro carbons

A

contain only C and H -hydrophillic

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19
Q

alcohols

A

contain a hydroxyl functional group - hydrophobic

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20
Q

organic acids

A

contain a carboxyl (COOH)

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21
Q

amines

A

contain an amino acid (NH2)

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22
Q

amino acid

A

contain an amino and a carboxyl group

23
Q

polymers

A

large molecules consisting of smaller repeated units (monomers)
monomers are bonded together through the process of dehydration synthesis

24
Q

hydrolysis

A

removal of monomers from a polymer

25
Q

3 main groups of organic molecules

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. ?
26
Q

carbohydrates

A

contain numerous hydroxyls (OH) and a carbonyl (=O)

used for: energy structure

27
Q

ploysaccharides

A

polymers of carbohydrates

starch, glycogen, cellulose

28
Q

chitin

A

is the main structural component of exoskeletons and fungi cells

29
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic organic compounds

30
Q

main functions of lipids

A
  1. energy storage
  2. membrane structure
  3. vitamins
  4. chemical signaling (hormones)
31
Q

fats

A

lipids made of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

main function is energy storage but also used in water proofing and temp regulation

32
Q

fatty acids

A

long chain organic acids

2 types: saturated and unsaturated

33
Q

white and brown fat tissue

A

brown: not as much of this, heats body by burning fat, cellular reproduction, lots of blood vessels -when you’re young

34
Q

waxes

A

long carbon chain hydrophobic molecules
used as waterproof coating
malleable: change shape under pressure

35
Q

phospholipids

A

gycerol molecule with:
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (PO4) hydrophillic
principal component of membranes

36
Q

lipids with ring structure

A 
diverse functions 
pigments
membrane structures
vitamins
hormones (steroids)
37
Q

high levels of cholesterol in the blood can lead to

A

a hardening and narrowing of the arteries

38
Q

proteins

A

most diverse molecules in living organisms

polymers of amino acids

39
Q

how many types of different amino acids

A 
20 
side chains contain:
polar covalent bonds 
covelent bonds 
ionic bonds
40
Q

structure of protein

A

primary: amino acid sequence
secondary: coiling or folding pattern
teriary: overall three dimensional shape

41
Q

a protein depends on

A

its shape to create its function

42
Q

proteins shape depends on

A
  1. the amino acid sequence
  2. enviornmental conditions 9pH, salt concentration, temp, water content)
  3. interactions with other molecules
    the shape of a protein can change
43
Q

functions of proteins

A
  1. structure
  2. storage
  3. movement
  4. defense
  5. signaling hormones
  6. transport
  7. enzymes
44
Q

enzymes

A

control the rate of chemical reactions

45
Q

chemical reactions

A

rearrangement of bonds between molecules

46
Q

reaction with an enzyme

A

active sites: bind reactants

47
Q

binding of reactants causes

A

the enzyme to change shape

48
Q

once the product is formed

A

it can no longer bind to the enzyme. the enzyme returns to its original shape

49
Q

enzymes act as

A

catalysts: increases the rate of chemical reactions but are not modified

50
Q

if the enzyme cannot bind to the reactant

A

no chemical reaction occurs

51
Q

feedback control

A

regulates rates of reactions

52
Q

when the concentration of the product is high

A

the rate of the reaction is low

53
Q

when the concentration of the product is low

A

the rate of the reaction is high ( this leads to homeostatis of reactants and products)

54
Q

denaturing proteins

A

permanently changing the shape of the protein
caused by chnages in pH, salt concentration
water content, chemical reactions

Bio 1000 (15 decks)

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