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Bio 1000 > Chapter10 > Flashcards

Chapter10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the genetic code

A

is not the blueprint of life

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2
Q

all cells contain

A

a complete copy of an organisms genetic info but for development to occur, there must be some form control over the expression of that info

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3
Q

cells develop into

A

skin, nervous system
muscles, bones, blood, gonads
digestive system, lungs

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4
Q

processes that occur during development

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell specialization ( the expression of different genes)
  3. cell heredity
  4. cell movement
  5. spatial patterning
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5
Q

control over cell division

A

most eukaryotic cells do not have the ability to divide

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6
Q

growth factors

A

(protiens) must be present to complete the cell cycle
in eukaryotes most specialized cell are in the G1 phase
growth factors may be produced externally or internally

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7
Q

contact between cells can affect the

A

production of growth factors

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8
Q

cancer results from unregulated cell division

A

can result when cells do not respond properly to growth factors
ex) proteins producing a signal without a growth factor present
genes that cause cancer may develop from genes that are normally involved in controlling cell division

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9
Q

cell specialization

A

occurs through the turning off and on (expression) of genes
during development cells become increasingly specialized
undifferented cells–> germ layer–> tissues (cells with similar function)–> specialized cells

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10
Q

3 processes lead to cell specialization

A
  1. chromosome inactivation
  2. single gene inactivation
  3. gene expression
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11
Q

inactivation of chromosome

A

proteins bound to whole chromosome prevents transciption
ex) inactivation of one x chromosome in females. maternal or paternal chromosomes are deactivated at random
usually occurs after zygote has started to divide

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12
Q

chromosome inactivation occurs

A

through DNA packing

all daughter cells will have the same chromosome de-activated

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13
Q

paternal and maternal chromosomes

A

express different alleles

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14
Q

paternal and maternal x chromosomes deactivated

A

results in regions of the organism with different alleles being expressed

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15
Q

inactivation of individual genes

A

molecules bind to DNA

prevents transciption from taking place but does not prevent DNA from being copied

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16
Q

cell heredity

A

once a gene is inactivated in a cell, all daughter cells have the gene activated

17
Q

during DNA replication

A

the binding of molecules to either whole chromosomes or individual nucleotides is also copied

18
Q

inactivation of genes results in cell heredity

A

undifferentied cells–> germ layers–> tissues (cells with similar function)–> specialized cells

19
Q

ex) of control gene expression

A

lactose degrading genes in prokaryotes
when lactose is not present the enzymes are not produced
when lactose is present the enzymes that break it down are produced

20
Q

in ekaryotes most genes are in an

A

inactive state

21
Q

many regulatory protiens may be

A

required for transciption to take place

22
Q

two forms of heredity within organisms (from parent to daughter cells)

A
  1. genetic code
  2. cell state
    includes: inactivated genes quality of cytoplasm (regulatory protiens)
    cells states need to be re-set for gamete production
23
Q
  1. antiquity- 1830

atomistic principal:

A

different body parts provided material for the offspring of an individual

24
Q

aristoltle

A

compared reproduction and development among animals

  1. in mammals semen provides a drive (edios) to the devlopment of menstrual blood
  2. the traits in anew individual are the result of a struggle between material from the mother and the father
25
Q
  1. 1830- early 20th century

discovery of cells

A

fertilization- union of sperm and egg
desciption of cell specilazation:
-development of germ layers and tissues
- development of cell heredity

26
Q

3 competing ideas about sexual reproduction and dvelopment of multicelled organisms

A
  1. pangenesis
  2. preformation
  3. epigenesis
27
Q

pangenesis

A

every cell contribute genetic info to reproductive cells

28
Q

preformation

A

miniture version of adult is present in either egg or sperm

29
Q

epigenesis

A

development starts from undifferentiated cells
some external force caused development and cell specialization to take place
only certain genes passed from one cell to another during development, except games

30
Q

early 20th century- present

A

undertanding of how genetic info is a pass from parent to offspring (meiosis)
understanding of haploid/diploid phases of the life cycle
focus on relationship between gene expression and development

Bio 1000 (15 decks)

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