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Bio 1000 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how is genetic info

A
  1. stored
  2. replicated
  3. translated
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2
Q

DNA characteristics

A
  1. carries a large amount of info
  2. it can be accurately copied
  3. is stable under a range of environmental conditions
  4. the info it carries is used code for amino acid sequences
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3
Q

structure of dna

A 
DNA is a type of nucleic acid
polymers made from nucleotides 
nucelotide are conposed of three parts:
1. 5 carbon sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base 
(variable structure)
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4
Q

sugars

A

the sugar of one nucleotide bond to the phosphate of another nucleotide
the sugar and phosphate always have the same chemical structure

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5
Q

in DNA there are 4 possibel nitrogen bases

A 
Adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G) 
the sequence of nitrogen babes is a source of info
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6
Q

DNA normally exists

A

as two separate strands

each strand runs in opposite directions

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7
Q

hydrogen bond form

A

between the nitrogen bases of the strands
cytosine only bonds with guanine
adenine only bonds with thymine -complimentary pairing

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8
Q

double strands of DNA are

A

twisted around one another into double helix

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9
Q

DNA replication

A

one strand of DNA acts as a template for the construction of a new strand

  1. double strands of DNA are pulled apart
  2. complimentry nucleotides are synthesized into new DNA strands
  3. hydrogen bonds re-form between nitrogen bases
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10
Q

semi conservation replication

A

each new set of double DNA strands contains an old strand

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11
Q

enzymes are responsible for

A

the 1st two stages of replication

responsible for each phase of replication

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12
Q

DNA helicase

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between double strands

moves in one direction only

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13
Q

DNA ploymerse

A

joins nucleotides together in their proper sequence by reading the sequence of the original strand
can only snythesize new strands in one direction
requires a primer (short sequence of nucleotides) to start a new DNA strand
one strand is made continuously, the othe ris made in sections

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14
Q

DNA ligase

A

join strands of DNA together

the new strands run in opposite direction to the old strands

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15
Q

another type of nuclecic acid

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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16
Q

structure

A

similar to DNA except:
1. the 5 carbon sugar is different
2. thymine is not present, it is replaced by uricil (U) it goes with adenine
3. does not necessarily form a double strand
it can also act as an enzyme

17
Q

protien synthesis (how genetic info is used)

A

DNA codes for amino acid sequences
4 different nitrogen babes in DNA code for 20 different amino acids in protiens
groups of three babes (codons) code for a single amino acid

18
Q

how many different combinations are there

A

64 different possible combinations of 3 nucleotide bases

some base combinations code for the same amino acid

19
Q

2 stages of protien synthesis

A

transcription

translation

20
Q

transscription

A

copying of one DNA strand into an RNA strand

21
Q

translation

A

coverting RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence

22
Q

invloved in transciption

A

takes places in the the nucleus
promotor: DNA sequence where transcription starts
terminator: DNA seqeuence where transciption ends
RNA polymerase: emzyme that carries out transsciption

23
Q

steps in transciption

A
  1. initation- RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at the promoter
  2. DNA strands are pulled apart
  3. elongation- RNA nucleotides are bonded together based on the DNA sequence
  4. termination- transciption occurs until a terminator sequence occurs until a terminator sequence is encountered
    at the terminator the RNA polymerse detaches from the DNA and releases the RNA strand
    the resulting RNA strand is known as messenger RNA or mRNA
24
Q

involved in translation

A

occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
aligns mRNA and transfer RNA
have two binding sites for tRNA molecules

25
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

two attachment sites:
1. amino acid attachment site
2. aticodon- a set of three nucleotides complimentry to mRNA
the type of amnio acid attached to a tRNA depends on its anticodon sequence

26
Q

steps in translation

A
  1. ribosome and tRNA bind together. This always occurs at the nucleotide sequence (the start codon)
  2. a 2nd tRNA molecule binds to the 2nd binding site of the ribosome
  3. the amino acid from the first tRNA is removed from the tRNA and bonded to the amino acid on the second tRNA
  4. the first tRNA is released from the ribosome
  5. the second tRNA is shifted from the second to the first binding site
  6. the process is repeated until a stop codon seqeunce is reached
  7. thr amino acid sequence is released from the final tRNA
27
Q

genes

A

can be considered sections of DNA
they are always located int he same region of a chromosome
genes arent necessarily a easily defined sections of DNA

28
Q

alleles

A

make protiens that preform the same function but have different DNA code

29
Q

in ekaryotes there are additional steps in transciption

A

not all DNA codes for protiens- exons do, introns do not
initially all sections are copied
before mRNA leaves the nucleus introns are removed and the remaining sections joined
more than one protien can be made from a section of DNA by splicing different sections of mRNA together

Bio 1000 (15 decks)

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