Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

reproduction may be

A
  1. sexual

2. asexual

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

combining genetic info from two individuals

always involves development from a single cell

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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

production of new individuals through cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
in multicelled organisms there are 2 proceses:
1. production of a multi-celled individual
2. development from a single cell

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4
Q

what is usually the only form of reproduction in prokaryotes

A

asexual

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5
Q

asexual reproduction is common in

A

single celled eukaryotes
plants
fungi

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6
Q

examples of asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms

A

production of new multicellular individuals (budding)

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7
Q

asexual reproduction using

A

sex organs (development from unfertilized eggs)
drones (males bees) develop from unfertilized eggs (asexual reproduction)
workers and queens develop from fertilized eggs (sexual reproduction)

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8
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity

particular genes are always found in the same location

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9
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of genes

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10
Q

haploid

A

1 set of genes (half)

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes containing genes fro the same characteristics

one is inherited from the mother (maternal) and one is from the father (paternal)

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12
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene

homologous chromosomes may have different alleles, sister chromatids do not

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13
Q

sister chromatids have the same

A

copy of a gene, homologous chromsomes may not

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14
Q

gametes

A

haploid sex cells (egg and sperm)

there can be haploid cells that are not sex cells

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15
Q

meiosis

A

production of haploid cells from diploid cells

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16
Q

fertilization

A

union of gamates to produce an diploid cell (zygote)

17
Q

when reproduction occurs from unfertilized eggs

A

they may be diploid or haploid

18
Q

production of gametes through meiosis

A

cells that produce gametes duplicate their DNA during interphase

19
Q

two seperate events in meiosis

A

meiosis 1
separation of homologous chromosomes
seperation of sister chromatids

20
Q

homologous chromosomes pair form what in prophase 1

A

tetrads

21
Q

spindle protiens attach to

A

chromosomes

22
Q

metaphase 1

A

tetrads line up in the middle of the cell

homologous chromosomes lie on either side of the metaphase plate

23
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes seperate and migrate to each end of the cell
each maternal and paternal chromosome can go either end of the cell (independant assortment)

24
Q

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

cell split into two
a nuclear membrane may or may not form
the cells are not genetically identical

25
Q

meiosis 2

A

similar to mitosis: separates sister chromatids

26
Q

independent assortment

A

each pair of homologous chromosomes are sorted into each new cell independently of the other pairs
2 possibility: both maternal chromosomes line up on the same side of the cell
: maternal chromosomes line up different sides of the cell