Chapter22 Respiratory System Flashcards
Which type of avieoli is most abundant?
Type one squamous alveolar cells
What is the purpose of surfactant inside the avieoli
To keep the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation.
What type of cartilage composes the trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
What intercostal muscle helps you breath out?
Internal intercostals and rectus abdominous
What does breathing control come from
Medula oblongata pons involuntary
Motor cortex voluntary
What is hyperventilation?
Expellation of co2 faster than its made. Ph increases arteries contrict. Fainting
What is pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange Speech vocalization Olfaction Ph balance Hormone synthesis Pressure flow for blood and lymph Filter out small clots Valsalva urination deification birth
Why is gas exchange so efficient?
Lipid soluble Exchange surface area is large Diffusion distance is short Pressure gradient is huge Perfusion and ventilation are equal
What is the bronchial tree?
Branching tubes into each lung
What is boyles law?
Pressure is inversely related to volume
What is Charles law?
Volume of gas is proportional to its temperature.
What is daultons law?
The partial pressures of all the gasses in a system add up to the total pressure
How many lobes does the left lung have?
The right?
L-2
R-3
What are the cartilages that make up the nose?
Lateral cartilage
Septal cartilage
Minor and major alar cartilages
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
Nares, vestibules, nasal conchae, pharynx, larynx
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharyx - nasal cavity including estancias tube to end of uvula,pseudostratified columnar epitheal tissue
Oropharynx- mouth cavity to epiglottis, stratified squamous
Laryngopharynx- below epiglottis to esophagus, stratified squamous
Which type of bronchi have c shaped hyaline cartilages.
Main or primary bronchis
What is the function of squamous alveolar cells?
95% do the alveolar cells. Function for rapid gas diffusion
What is the function of great alveolar cells?
Secrete pulmonary surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing and sticking together
Also repair type one squamous alveoli
What dose alveolar macrophages do?
Phagocytize dust particles
What structures are invoked in phonation (making sound)
Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cornicate cartilage, cuneiform cartilages
Which bronchiole is the one where the alveoli are attached to?
Respiratory bronchioles
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Cycle of inspiration and expiration
What is a respiratory cycle ?
One complete cycle of inhalation and exhalation
What muscles are involved in inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid, pectorals major and minor serrated anterior scalenes
What muscles are involved in expiration?
Rectus abdominous, internal intercostals lumbar and pelvic muscles
What is Valsalva maneuver?
Deep breath and holding it to excrete abdominal contents. Vomit child birth bowl movement urination
What controls auto rhythmic breathing?
Medulla oblongata and pons
What controls voluntary breathing
Motor cortex
What are central chemoreceptors
Brain stem neurons that respond to CSF pH which reflects co2 concentration in the blood
What are peripheral chemoreceptors
The carotid and aortic bodies in arteries above heart respond to o2 and co2 concentrations and pH of the blood
What are stretch receptors?
Detect the Smooth muscle in the respiratory tract keeps lungs from over inflating
What are irritant receptors?
Nerve endings in epithelial cells that detect irritants.
Smoke dust pollen chemical fumes ect
Trigger the reflex of bronchoconstriction shallow breathing and apnea (holding breath) and coughing
What things contribute to resistance of air flow?
Diameter of bronchiole ease of expansion of lungs and surface tension of alveoli and bronchioles
How much oxygen is unloaded into the tissues?
About 25%
What is it called when co2 binds with hemoglobin to be transported ?
Carbaminohemoglobin
What are the four factors that contribute to oxygen unloading
Lower PO2
Higher temp
Lower pH in blood from Higher co2 concentration
Bpg produced and replaces o2 on hemoglobin
