Chapter 17 Endocrine Flashcards
Describe an anabolic reaction
Smaller and simpler reactants form more complex and bigger molecules.
What is a catabolic reaction?
The breakdown of a reaction of more complex molecules into smaller and more simple products
ATP can be made by which two processes? And what are they?
Glycolysis- anaerobic respiration through conversion of glucose to pyruvate 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation- aerobic mitochondria use electron transport chain 30-36 ATP
Define glycolysis
Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate
Define Glycogenesis
Anabolism of glucose to glycogen
Define glycogenolysis
Catabolism of glycogen to glucose
Define gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from amino acids or neutral fats
What’s the endocrine system?
The gland tissues and cells that secrete hormones
Endocrinology
The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis/treatment of its disorders
Endocrine glands
Organs that are traditional sources of hormones
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are transported through the blood stream that stimulate physiological responses on the cells
Describe exocrine glands
Have ducts
Have extra cellular effects
Describe endocrine glands
Do not have ducts
Capillary networks
Intercellular effects
How is the endocrine system different than the nervous system
Chemical communication no electrical
Reacts and responds slower
Adapts slower than nervous system
Endocrine is less targeted to an area and more widespread effects
What are the three different types of hormones?
Amines hormones - derived from amino acids epineferine norepienephrine
Steroid hormones- derived from cholesterol like estradiol, testosterone aldosterone
Peptide hormones- water soluble and made of 3+ amino acids (most common)
Which organ has an anterior and a posterior lobe made up of two different tissues.
The pituitary gland
Which lobe of the pituitary gland Is responsible for storing hormones? What hormones does it store?
Posterior pituitary responsible for storing oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone. Hypothalamus tells it what to do
Which lobe of the pituitary gland regulates and produces its own hormones. Which hormones does it produce?
Anterior pituitary Somatostatin Growth hormone Prolactin Follicle stimulating hormone Luetinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone
Which lobe of the pituitary is formed from the brain (nervous tissue)
Posterior lobe
Which lobe of the pituitary is formed from the epithelial tissue?
Anterior pituitary
What is follicle stimulating hormone for?
Secretion of ovarian hormones, development of ovarian follicles , sperm production
What is luteinizing hormone do?
Stimulate ovulation, secretion of progesterone, stimulate testes to produce testosterone
What does thyroid stimulating hormone do.
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
What does prolactin do?
Stimulates mammary glands to make milk and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes
What does growth hormone do?
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation boost DNA and mRNA production lipid metabolism increased electrolyte balance
Which lobe of the pituitary gland utilizes the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organ pathway? Which hormones are included?
Anterior Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Growth hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Lutenizing hormone Follicle stimulating hormone
What does ADH do?
Increases water retention prevents dehydration and reduced urination can cause vasoconstriction
What is oxytocin utilized for?
Uterine contractions, sexual satisfaction, flow of milk during lactation. Emotional bonding
What’s the pineal gland in charge of?
Secretes melatonin which helps aid in sleep
Car cadmium rhythm
Which gland is the largest gland?
What does it control?
Thyroid
T3 and t4
Increases metabolic rate o2 consumption and heat production alertness and reflex speed.
What does a para follicular cell do?
Secretes calcitonin and regulates blood calcium levels which help with bone formation in children
What does the thymus do? What hormones does it secrete?
Is the site where t (immune) cells mature.
Secrete thymopoietin thymosin and thymulin
Aldosterone does what and is in what layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zone glomerulosa
Stimulates Na and K retention water volume as a result
Cortisone functions to do what?
Build up protein and fat
Respond to stress to help repair tissues
Anti inflammatory effect
Glucagon is secreted by what type of cells?
Alpha cells.
Secrete I between meals to maintain glucose in the blood
Insulin is secreted by what typos of cells ?
Beta cells.
Secreted during or after meals to decrease glass se levels in the blood
Diabetes insipidus
No glucose in the urine
Too much secretion of insulin
What is pheochromocytoma?
Tumor in adrenal gland. Too much epi and norepi secretion
What is goiter ?
Too much secretion of thyroid hormone in the thyroid Graves’ disease
Endemic goiter dietary iodine deficiency.
What is acromegaly?
Thickening of the bones and tissues. Too much growth hormone production.
What’s gigantism
Too much secretion go growth hormone
What is pituitary dwarfism?
Too little secretion of growth hormone
What is hypothyroidism
Child
Not enough thyroxine
Treat with levothyroxine
Adult myxedema
What is cushings?
Excess cortisol
Causes muscle and bone loss hyperglycemia hypertension and weakness. Abnormal fat deposition
What is diabetes mellitus ?
Hypo secretion of insulin.
Lots of urination intense thirst excessive hunger
High glucose ketones in urine
What is a restrictive disorder?
Disorders that limit inflation or reduce pulmonary compliance
What are obstructive disorders?
Disorders that narrow or block the airway
Asthma or copd
What happens to po2 when ventilation increase?
Po2 elevates and airflow increase
Vasodilation of pulmonary vessels
Increased blood flow
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
Converts bicarbonate in to bicarbonate and. H+
H2co3-> hco3 + h+
What happens when ventilation is reduced ?
Airflow decreases therefore reduced po2 in blood and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels decrease on blood flow
Which mode is this primary transportation route of oxygen?
Bound to hemoglobin
Only about 1% dissolved in blood plasma
What are the three routes of transport for Carbon dioxide
70% in form of bicarbonate
About 20% on hemoglobin
And the rest dissolve in blood plasma
What do you call a hemoglobin that has attached oxygen?
Oxy hemoglobin
What do you call a hemoglobin with attached co2 attached
Deoxy hemoglobin
What are the ways Carbon dioxide can be transported ?
Carbonic acid major
Carbamino compound
Dissolved in plasma least
