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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Chapter 17 Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

Describe an anabolic reaction

A

Smaller and simpler reactants form more complex and bigger molecules.

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1
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

The breakdown of a reaction of more complex molecules into smaller and more simple products

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2
Q

ATP can be made by which two processes? And what are they?

A

Glycolysis- anaerobic respiration through conversion of glucose to pyruvate 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation- aerobic mitochondria use electron transport chain 30-36 ATP

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3
Q

Define glycolysis

A

Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate

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4
Q

Define Glycogenesis

A

Anabolism of glucose to glycogen

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5
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

Catabolism of glycogen to glucose

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6
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

Production of glucose from amino acids or neutral fats

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7
Q

What’s the endocrine system?

A

The gland tissues and cells that secrete hormones

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8
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis/treatment of its disorders

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9
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Organs that are traditional sources of hormones

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10
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are transported through the blood stream that stimulate physiological responses on the cells

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11
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A

Have ducts

Have extra cellular effects

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12
Q

Describe endocrine glands

A

Do not have ducts
Capillary networks
Intercellular effects

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13
Q

How is the endocrine system different than the nervous system

A

Chemical communication no electrical
Reacts and responds slower
Adapts slower than nervous system
Endocrine is less targeted to an area and more widespread effects

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14
Q

What are the three different types of hormones?

A

Amines hormones - derived from amino acids epineferine norepienephrine
Steroid hormones- derived from cholesterol like estradiol, testosterone aldosterone
Peptide hormones- water soluble and made of 3+ amino acids (most common)

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15
Q

Which organ has an anterior and a posterior lobe made up of two different tissues.

A

The pituitary gland

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16
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland Is responsible for storing hormones? What hormones does it store?

A

Posterior pituitary responsible for storing oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone. Hypothalamus tells it what to do

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17
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland regulates and produces its own hormones. Which hormones does it produce?

A 
Anterior pituitary 
Somatostatin 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luetinizing hormone 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone
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18
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is formed from the brain (nervous tissue)

A

Posterior lobe

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19
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is formed from the epithelial tissue?

A

Anterior pituitary

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20
Q

What is follicle stimulating hormone for?

A

Secretion of ovarian hormones, development of ovarian follicles , sperm production

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21
Q

What is luteinizing hormone do?

A

Stimulate ovulation, secretion of progesterone, stimulate testes to produce testosterone

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22
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do.

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

23
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

24
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates mammary glands to make milk and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes

25
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation boost DNA and mRNA production lipid metabolism increased electrolyte balance

26
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland utilizes the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organ pathway? Which hormones are included?

A 
Anterior
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Growth hormone 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Lutenizing hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone
27
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases water retention prevents dehydration and reduced urination can cause vasoconstriction

28
Q

What is oxytocin utilized for?

A

Uterine contractions, sexual satisfaction, flow of milk during lactation. Emotional bonding

29
Q

What’s the pineal gland in charge of?

A

Secretes melatonin which helps aid in sleep

Car cadmium rhythm

30
Q

Which gland is the largest gland?

What does it control?

A

Thyroid
T3 and t4
Increases metabolic rate o2 consumption and heat production alertness and reflex speed.

31
Q

What does a para follicular cell do?

A

Secretes calcitonin and regulates blood calcium levels which help with bone formation in children

32
Q

What does the thymus do? What hormones does it secrete?

A

Is the site where t (immune) cells mature.

Secrete thymopoietin thymosin and thymulin

33
Q

Aldosterone does what and is in what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zone glomerulosa

Stimulates Na and K retention water volume as a result

34
Q

Cortisone functions to do what?

A

Build up protein and fat
Respond to stress to help repair tissues
Anti inflammatory effect

35
Q

Glucagon is secreted by what type of cells?

A

Alpha cells.

Secrete I between meals to maintain glucose in the blood

36
Q

Insulin is secreted by what typos of cells ?

A

Beta cells.

Secreted during or after meals to decrease glass se levels in the blood

37
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

No glucose in the urine

Too much secretion of insulin

38
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor in adrenal gland. Too much epi and norepi secretion

39
Q

What is goiter ?

A

Too much secretion of thyroid hormone in the thyroid Graves’ disease

Endemic goiter dietary iodine deficiency.

40
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Thickening of the bones and tissues. Too much growth hormone production.

41
Q

What’s gigantism

A

Too much secretion go growth hormone

42
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

Too little secretion of growth hormone

43
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Child
Not enough thyroxine
Treat with levothyroxine

Adult myxedema

44
Q

What is cushings?

A

Excess cortisol

Causes muscle and bone loss hyperglycemia hypertension and weakness. Abnormal fat deposition

45
Q

What is diabetes mellitus ?

A

Hypo secretion of insulin.
Lots of urination intense thirst excessive hunger
High glucose ketones in urine

46
Q

What is a restrictive disorder?

A

Disorders that limit inflation or reduce pulmonary compliance

47
Q

What are obstructive disorders?

A

Disorders that narrow or block the airway

Asthma or copd

48
Q

What happens to po2 when ventilation increase?

A

Po2 elevates and airflow increase
Vasodilation of pulmonary vessels
Increased blood flow

49
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Converts bicarbonate in to bicarbonate and. H+

H2co3-> hco3 + h+

50
Q

What happens when ventilation is reduced ?

A

Airflow decreases therefore reduced po2 in blood and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels decrease on blood flow

51
Q

Which mode is this primary transportation route of oxygen?

A

Bound to hemoglobin

Only about 1% dissolved in blood plasma

52
Q

What are the three routes of transport for Carbon dioxide

A

70% in form of bicarbonate
About 20% on hemoglobin
And the rest dissolve in blood plasma

53
Q

What do you call a hemoglobin that has attached oxygen?

A

Oxy hemoglobin

54
Q

What do you call a hemoglobin with attached co2 attached

A

Deoxy hemoglobin

55
Q

What are the ways Carbon dioxide can be transported ?

A

Carbonic acid major
Carbamino compound
Dissolved in plasma least

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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